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MICB 3301 Lecture > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Transformation

A

Uptake of free DNA from environment, discovered by Griffith

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2
Q

Fred Griffith

A

Used nonvirulent and virulent encapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae cultures on mice to discover transformation

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3
Q

Competent cells

A

Can naturally take up DNA and be transformed (some are specific in origin)

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4
Q

Gram + competent genera

A

Bacillus and Streptococcus

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5
Q

Gram - competent genera

A

Haemophilus, Neisseria and Acinetobacter

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6
Q

Artificial transformation

A

Makes naturally non-competent cells transform (Ex. Escherichia coli)

Occurs via two techniques: CaCl2 (increases permeability), and electroporation (high-voltage currents form temporary holes in cell wall/plasma membrane)

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7
Q

During transformation, ____ DNA is taken up and converted into ____ DNA, which is incorporated into the genome via a ____

A

double-stranded, single-stranded, nuclease

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8
Q

Protein that integrates DNA by homologous recombination

A

RecA

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9
Q

Mobile DNA

A

Consists of transposable elements that move via transposition

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10
Q

Deinococcus radiodurans

A

Mesophilic, extremely resistant to radiation and desiccation (drying out) via DNA repair mechanism, commonly found in tetrads

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11
Q

Thermus aquaticus

A

Thermophile, grows in hot springs, source of Taq polymerase for PCR

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12
Q

Phylum Cyanobacteria

A

Primary producers in many ecosystems
* Carries out oxygenic photosynthesis (produces O2, water is e- donor, 2 photosystems, generate ATP and NADPH for dark rxns)
* Contains thylakoids with chlorophyll, carboxysomes with C fixation enzymes

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13
Q

Phylum Cyanobacteria, Genus Spirulina

A
  • Alkaliphile (soda lakes)
  • High [carotene], food additive, protein, vitamin-rich
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14
Q

Phylum Cyanobacteria, Genus Anabaena

A

Aquatic bacterium carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis and atmospheric N fixation to ammonia for use by cells (nitrogenase enzyme sensitive to O2

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15
Q

Heterocysts

A

Differentiated from Anabaena vegetative cells that remain devoid of O2, form every 10th cell

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16
Q

Phylum Chlamydiae

A

Gram-, obligate intracellular bacteria (pathogenic to animals and humans)

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17
Q

Pathogenic bacteria of phylum Chlamydiae of the genus Chlamydia

A
  • C. pneumoniae
  • C. trachomatis (causes #1 reported bacterial STI in U.S.)
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18
Q

Chlamydia reproduction steps

A
  1. Attachment of infectious, dormant Elementary Body (EB) via endocytosis
  2. Inside cell, EB develops into reproductive, non-infectious Reticulate Body (RB) and divides
  3. RBs differentiate back into EBs, which then are released by host cell lysis
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19
Q

Phylum Spirochaetes

A
  • Flexible, helical shape
  • Flagella reside within the periplasm (axial filaments), which rotate and move the whole cell
  • Some types are pathogenic (ex. Treponema pallidum - Syphilis, Borrelia burgdorferi - Lyme Disease (from ticks) - identified by Erythema Migrans (bullseye rash))
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20
Q

Phylum Bacteroidetes, Genus Bacteroides

A
  • Obligate anaerobes
  • Degrade complex dietary polysaccharides
  • Important to intestinal tract of humans, indicator of human health (makes up 30% of bacteria cultured from feces)
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21
Q

Phylum Proteobacteria (Gram -)

A

Largest group with diverse cell forms and metabolism, broken up into classes:
* Alpha
* Beta
* Gamma
* Delta
* Epsilon

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22
Q

Alpha Proteobacteria

A

Some are photoheterotrophs, using method of anoxygenic photosynthesis (bacteriochlorophyll) (ex. Rhodospirillum)

Others include:
* Rhizobium - root nodules, fixes N2 for plant symbiont
* Rickettsia - obligate intracellular bacteria in animals (pathogen), causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (ticks)
* Agrobacterium - infect plants

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23
Q

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

A
  • Causes crown gall disease in plants
  • Has tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid
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24
Q

How does A. tumefaciens infect a host plant cell?

A

A piece of the Ti plasmid T DNA is transferred via conjugation from the bacterium into the plant cell, where it integrates into the plant genome and expresses bacterial Ti genes

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25
Q

T DNA function in plant cells

A
  1. Directs plant to overproduce phytohormones, uncontrolled growth forms gall (tumor)
  2. Stimulates plants to make opines, a C and N source used only by A. tumefaciens
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26
Q

How are genes for T DNA transfer activated in Agrobacterium tumefaciens?

A

A. tumefaciens senses environmental compounds released by wounded plants via a two-component system (histidine kinase)

(membrane sensor protein VirA, cytoplasmic response regulator protein VirG)

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27
Q

Class Alpha Proteobacteria, Genus Caulobacter (Gram stain & definition)

A

Gram -, aquatic, and is dimorphic (two distinct morphological cell types)

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28
Q

Caulobacter cell division generates ___

A
  • Motile swarmer cell
  • Non-motile stalked cell
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29
Q

Functions of a Caulobacter stalk

A
  • Attachment via holdfast (tip)
  • Increased surface area for nutrient uptake (increases in length when limited nutrients)
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30
Q

Caulobacter Life Cycle

A
  1. Monotrichous swarmer cell cannot replicate its genome
  2. Swarmer ejects flagellum, grows a stalk to become a stalked cell that can replicate
  3. Stalked cell gives rise to motile swarmer and non-motile stalked cell (“hedge-betting” on environmental conditions)
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31
Q

Beta Proteobacteria

A
  • Some are chemolithotrophs (ex. Nitrosomonas, oxidizes ammonia to nitrite in nitrification)
  • Some are human pathogens (ex. Neisseria meningitidis, gonorrhoeae, Burkholderia cepacia)
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32
Q

Burkholderia cepacia

A

Beta Proteobacteria, plant pathogen (onion) and also human respiratory pathogen (causes cystic fibrosis)

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33
Q

Gamma Proteobacteria

A

Include “Enterics” (intestine)
* Facultative anaerobes (ex. E. coli, Salmonella)

Also includes “Non-enterics”
* Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Cystic Fibrosis, burn wound patients) ,Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Shewanella (mudwatt)

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34
Q

Myxococcus fruiting body assembly

A

Under nutrient-poor conditions, 1000s of myxococcal cells assemble into a multicellular fruiting body (via signal aggregation), which produces dormant myxospores that rise to the top to spread and germinate

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35
Q

Epsilon Proteobacteria

A

Smallest group of proteobacteria, some members cause gastrointestinal illness in humans:
* Helicobacter pylori - peptic ulcers
* Campylobacter jejuni - gastroenteritis

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36
Q

Phylum Firmicutes (Low GC Gram+)

A

Includes pathogens (ex. Staphylococcus (MRSA) and Streptococcus)

Also contains “good” bacteria (ex. Lactobacillus, Lactococcus) which undergo fermentation to form lactic acid for probiotics, cheese, and yogurt

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37
Q

The genera ________ and ________ within the phylum Firmicutes are spore formers

A

Clostridium and Bacillus

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38
Q

Clostridium members include

A
  • C. tetani - tetanus
  • C. botulinum - botulism, produces neurotoxin (Botox)
  • C. difficile (“C. diff”) - colitis, inflammation of colon
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39
Q

Bacillus members include

A
  • B. subtilis - non-pathogenic soil bacterium
  • B. anthracis - anthrax
  • B. thuringiensies - produces insecticidal toxin, used in GMO Bt corn
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40
Q

Sporulation in Bacillus

A
  • Survival mechanism triggered by a lack of nutrients
  • Spore forms within the mother cell, which lyses to release the mature spore
  • The spore is dormant, heat and stress resistant, but can germinate and become and actively growing cell
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41
Q

How do Bacillus sense stress to initiate sporulation?

A

Two-component histidine kinase systems

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42
Q

Phylum Actinobacteria (High GC Gram+)

A

Contains genus Streptomyces and acid-fast genus Mycobacterium

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43
Q

Genus Mycobacterium

A

Acid-fast cell walls with waxy lipids (requires acid-fast staining to ID), contains human pathogens such as:
* M. tuberculosis - tuberculosis
* M. leprae - leprosy

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44
Q

Genus Streptomyces

A
  • Forms hyphae and mycelia
  • Makes chemical Geosmin (smell of moist soil after rain)
  • Source of many antibiotics
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45
Q

Eukaryotic microorganisms are grouped into ____ and ____, make up ____ of top 20 most frequent microbial causes of death

A

Protists, Fungi, 6

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46
Q

Eukaryotic cells features include:

A
  • Sexual/Asexual reproduction
  • Meiosis & mitosis
  • Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
  • Plasma membranes, cell walls
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47
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Involved in protein synthesis (rough) and transport (smooth)

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48
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Chemical modification, protein packaging and secretion

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49
Q

Mitochondria generate ATP via ____ transport and ____ ____

A

electron, oxidative phosphorylation

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50
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell, generates ATP and is the site of the TCA cycle

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51
Q

Algae are ____ and protozoa are ____
(metabolism)

A

photosynthetic, chemoorganotrophic

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52
Q

Protists serve as an important ____ in food chains, and are involved in reef formation, beach sand, and limestone

A

link

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53
Q

General features of protists include:

A
  • In domain Eukarya
  • > 60,000 species
  • Mostly unicellular (ex. algae, slime molds, protozoa)
  • Terrestrial or aquatic
  • Some can be parasitic
  • Motile via cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia (cytoskeletal rearrangements)
  • Sexual and/or asexual reproduction
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54
Q

Micronucleus

A

The “true” nucleus, involved in mitosis

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55
Q

Macronucleus

A

Thousands of short, linear chromosomes, 1-2 genes each (responsible for growth and feeding), transcriptionally active

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56
Q

Solid nutrients enter protists via ____ (engulfment), and soluble nutrients enter via ____ diffusion and ____ transport

A

phagocytosis, facilitated, active

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57
Q

Encystment

A

Development into a dormant stage (cyst), plays a role in protection and transmission

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58
Q

Excystment

A

Escape from cyst to metabolically active, motile form (trophozoite)

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59
Q

Chlamydomonas “Clammy”

A
  • Protist unicellular green algae (chlorophyll)
  • Cell walls of cellulose, carries out oxygenic photosynthesis (potential biofuel)
  • Motile via two flagella (“beating action”)
  • Stigma (eyespot) filled with photoreceptors and allows for phototaxis
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60
Q

Dictyostelium Cellular Slime Mold

A
  • Eats bacteria via phagocytosis
  • Free living, aggregate in response to cAMP signal
  • Forms motile slug
  • Becomes fruiting body with spores (like myxococcus)
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61
Q

Giardia

A

Protozoan parasites responsible for the human pathogen, Giardiasis (“backpacker’s diarrhea)
* Ingest cysts, trophozoites attach to intestine (using sucking disc), disrupting nutrient and water flow

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62
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

“Brain-eating amoeba”
* Thermophile, eutrophic lakes in summer
* Trophozoite form enters nose, travels to brain and destroys tissue
* Causes Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

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63
Q

Alveolata

A

Includes:
- Dinoflagellates
- Ciliates
- Apicomplexans

64
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Found in marine plankton, responsible for phosphorescence, have two characteristic flagella (girdle, sulcus), covered with cellulose plates, releases trichocyst proteins when threatened

65
Q

Ciliates

A

Protists with 2 types of nuclei (micro and macro nucleus) and coated in cilia

Inhabit both benthic and planktonic communities in marine and freshwater systems, use cilia for locomotion and feeding, arranging them either in rows or spirals

66
Q

Apicomplexans

A

All are parasites to animals, distinguished by the formation of their apical complex (use calcium and enzyme release to penetrate host cells)

Ex. Cryptosporidiosis, Toxoplasmosis, Malaria

67
Q

Oocysts

A
  • Small, not easily filtered
  • Chlorine resistant
  • Stable for months
  • Just 8-10 needed for infection
  • Undergo excystment after infection to become trophozoites
68
Q

Cryptosporidosis

A

Caused by oocysts of Cryptosporidium transmitted in contaminated water
* Common cause of waterborne disease (ex. Milwaukee ‘93)

69
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Caused by oocysts of Toxoplasma in raw or undercooked meat, also in cat feces
* Mice are a natural reservoir, those infected lose fear of cats (required for sexual cycle)
* Ingested oocysts becomes tachyzoites, localize in neural and muscle tissue

70
Q

Malaria

A

Caused by 4 species of Plasmodium
* Apicomplexans
* Transmitted by bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito
* ~300 million cases per year

71
Q

Malaria life cycle in humans

A
  1. In liver cells, sporozoites become merozoites
  2. Merozoites infect red blood cells
  3. Parasite forms “knobs” on RBC surface, causing them to stick to blood vessels and prevents them from reaching the spleen
72
Q

Clinical symptoms of Malaria

A
  • Periodic chills and fever (with each infection cycle)
  • Anemia - disrupted blood flow due to knobs formed on RBCs, blood vessels get clogged with “sticky” RBCs
  • Liver hypertrophy - enlargement of liver/liver failure
73
Q

Malaria control/prevention methods

A
  • Mosquito control (wetland drainage, insecticides, netting)
  • Chloroquine - blocks parasite from polymerizing toxic heme formed from hemoglobin degradation
  • Malarone - blocks e- transport and pyrimidine synthesis (used prophylactically)
74
Q

Fungi general features

A
  • In domain Eukarya, kingdom Fungi
  • Vastly vary in size
  • Lack chlorophyll
  • Have plasma membrane and chitin cell walls
  • Sexual/asexual reproduction
  • Saprophytes - digest food (dead organic matter) via enzymes before eating it
75
Q

Fungi are known as the ____ ____

A

Great Decomposers

Can break down many complex organic molecules, necessary for CO2 cycling

76
Q

Mycology

A

The study of fungi

77
Q

Mycoses

A

Diseases caused by fungi

78
Q

Mycotoxicosis

A

Poisoning by a fungal toxin (ex. Aflatoxins, Ergot alkaloids)

79
Q

Aflatoxins

A
  • Type of mycotoxicosis from Aspergillus
  • Carcinogen, interlacate between DNA bases which cause mutation
80
Q

Ergot Alkaloids

A
  • Type of mycotoxicosis from Claviceps
  • Mimics LSD structure, causes delusions and convulsions
  • Used to treat migraines and induce labor
81
Q

Fungal mutualist associations include:

A
  • Lichens (fungi and cyanobacteria)
  • Mycorrhizal fungi and plants (80% of all land plants, fungus provides nutrients and water, plant provides carbohydrates)
82
Q

Yeasts

A

Unicellular fungi
* Saccharomyces cerevisiae - ferments to make bread, beer, wine
* Candida albicans - microflora of mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract, causative agent of thrush (Candida infection of mouth)

83
Q

Molds

A

Multicellular fungi
* Form hyphal filaments and mycelium
* Aseptate (no cross walls, one nucleus) or septate (cross walls, many nuclei)
* Some fungi change from yeast to mold form (“YM shift”)

84
Q

Fungi asexual reproduction

A

Occurs by 3 mechanisms:
* Binary fission
* Budding
* Spore production
Ex. Conidiospores, Sporangiospores

85
Q

Fungi sexual reproduction

A

Often occurs under environmental stress
* Meosis forms haploid spores
* Haploids of opposite mating types (+/-) fuse to form genetically intermediate offspring (2-nuclei dikaryon -> fuse to form diploid zygote)
* Pheremones signal between types

86
Q

4 Fungal Subclasses (of 7)

A
  • Chytridiomycetes
  • Zygomycetes
  • Ascomycota
  • Basidiomycota
87
Q

Chytridiomycetes

A

Simplest fungi
* Aquatic, motile, flagellated zoospore
* Chytridiomycosis - skin infection of frogs, devastating to global populations

88
Q

Zygomycetes

A

Have sexual zygospores, asexual sporangiospores
* Ex. Rhizopus (bread mold, tempeh)
* Used in meat tenderizer, birth control agents
* Plant pathogen - Rice Seedling Blight

89
Q

Does Rhizopus toxin cause Rice Seedling Blight?

A

No, formed by Burkholderia (alpha proteobacterium) inside Rhizopus

90
Q

Ascomycota

A

Sac fungi - ascus
* Sexual ascospores, asexual conidiospores
* Ex. Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cordyceps - (insect pathogen, infection of ant leads it to climb to a specific height to release spores)
* Pathogenic members include Histoplasma capsulatum, Pseudogymnoascus

91
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A

Causative agent of histoplasmosis
* Mold spores (conidia) are inhaled
* Germinate into yeast in lung, yeast grows in human macrophages

92
Q

Pseudogymnoascus

A

Causative agent of White Nose Syndrome in bats
* Psychrophile
* Infects skin of hibernating bats, leading to large-scale deaths

93
Q

Basidiomycota

A

Club fungi characterized by basidium (bears sexual basidiospores)
* Ex. Mushrooms, Cryptococcus neoformans (cryptococcal meningitis)

94
Q

Basidiomycota, Genus Agricus

A

Edible mushrooms

95
Q

Basidiomycota, Genus Amanita

A

Toxic mushrooms, including death angel
- Contain amanitin

96
Q

Amanitin

A

Peptide toxin that targets RNA polymerase, inhibits transcription and RNA synthesis

97
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A
  • Member of Basidiomycota
  • Fungal pathogen via inhalation of basidiospores
  • Infects lungs and CNS (can cross blood-brain barrier)
98
Q

Virulence Determinants

A

The characters of suspected pathogenic microbes that enable virulence (ex. capsules, pigments)

99
Q

Two virulence factors of C. neoformans are the polysaccharide ____ and the ____ pigment

A

capsule, melanin

100
Q

Metagenomics

A

Analysis of genetic material derived from microbial communities, a culture-independent approach

101
Q

Drawback of a culture-dependent approach

A

Media will not be able to culture all bacteria present

102
Q

Metagenomic Approach Steps

A
  1. Isolate total DNA from an environment
  2. Use PCR to amplify SSU rRNA genes (16S rRNA)
  3. Clone and sequence amplified DNA
  4. Compare to database for known genes, checking for hits
103
Q

Human Microbiome

A

The collection of all microorganisms living in association with the human body
- studied by the NIH’s Human Microbiome Project (2007)

104
Q

Gut microbiota make signaling molecules called ____ that affect brain development and behavior

A

neurotransmitters (ex. Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs))

105
Q

The large intestine has the largest bodily microbial community (how many species, ratio?)

A

Over 1000 different bacterial species present, metagenomic profile in healthy adults includes:
* 60-80% Firmicutes (Gram +)
* 20-40% Bacteroidetes (Gram -)

106
Q

The __ nerve connects visceral organs and the brain, allowing for gut microbiota to influence the brain and behavior via the “__ - __ - __ Axis”

A

vagus, microbiota-gut-brain

107
Q

Dysbiosis

A

Disruption in the microbiome that is assocciated with disease
* Gain or loss of community members
* Change in relative abundance of microbes

108
Q

Mutualism

A

A type of symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit

109
Q

Mutualism examples include:

A
  • Mycorrhizal fungi and plants (~80% of land plants)
  • Hawaiin Bobtail Squid and Vibrio fischeri
  • Coral and Zooxanthellae
110
Q

Vibrio fischeri uses ____ ____ to control light production; cells produce light only if they are at a high density

A

quorum sensing

111
Q

Autoinducer

A

Density-dependent signaling molecule used in quorum sensing
* Diffusable, moves in and out of cells
- Low cell density = movement out of cell
- High cell density = movement into cell (genes activated)

112
Q

Important components of the V. fischeri quorum sensing process include:

A
  • LuxR - transcription factor protein which binds autoinducer to activate lux operon
  • lux operon - controls expression of genes for luciferase (bioluminescence)
113
Q

Most corals obtain energy and nutrients from ____ that live within the coral’s tissues

A

Zooxanthellae

114
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

Photosynthetic algae that are Dinoflagellates (protists), form mutualist relationship with coral

115
Q

Zooxanthellae use energy from photosynthesis to fix ____ into ____ and donates it to the coral which produces ____, ____, and ____

A

CO2, carbohydrate

nitrogen, phosphate, CO2

116
Q

The immune system is a complex of widely distributed ____, ____, and ____ that neutralizes or destroys foreign substances

A

cells, tissues, and organs

117
Q

Antigens

A

Foreign substances that provoke immune response (any type of molecule)

118
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins produced bu B cells that bind antigens, inactivate or eliminate them

119
Q

The immune system protects against four classes of pathogen:

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Viruses
  3. Fungi
  4. Protists
120
Q

The immune system participates in disease through

A
  • Allergies
  • Autoimmunity (breakdown of what is self and non-self)
  • Transplant rejection
  • Graft vs Host Disease
121
Q

The mammalian immune response consists of ____ and ____ immunity

A

innate, adaptive

122
Q

Innate Immunity

A

The non-specific first line of defense
* Fast acting with no antigen memory
* Cells include macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
* Components include anatomical features, complement, toll-like receptors, cytokines (signaling molecules)

123
Q

Cells responsible for both innate and adaptive immune responses are the ____, all of which originate from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

A

leukocytes

124
Q

The five major types of leukocytes:

A
  1. Basophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Neutrophils
  4. Monocytes (mature into macrophages or dendritic cells)
  5. Lymphocytes (T, B, and NK cells)

1-4 from common myeloid progenitor cell, 5 from lymphoid progenitor cell

125
Q

Macrophages (definition and functions)

A

From monocytes in blood, enter and reside in the tissue, have 3 main functions:
1. Phagocytosis of pathogens
2. Antigen presentation
3. Make cytokines

126
Q

Macrophage phagocytosis steps:

A
  1. Pseudopodia used to engulf bacterial pathogens
  2. Phagosome forms, microbe is contained within
  3. Lysosome bonds, forming a phagolysosome
  4. Pathogen is degraded via ROS (H2O2) and RNS (NO)
127
Q

Professional Antigen Presenting Cells

A

Macrophages, Dendritic cells, and B cells
(can take in and process protein antigens to present peptide fragments bound to MHC molecules to T cells)

128
Q

Innate immune response physical barriers:

A
  • Skin and mucous membranes
  • Normal microflora protect by competing with potential pathogens
129
Q

Innate immune response chemical barriers:

A
  • Acidic pH of stomach
  • Lysozyme in tears and breast milk
  • Defensins (antimicrobial peptides)

Other components include complement, toll-like receptors, and cytokines

130
Q

The complement system is made up of >____ serum proteins activated by ____ ____, “complements” the activity of antibodies

A

30, enzymatic cleavage

131
Q

The complement system includes:

A
  • Opsonins
  • Chemotactic factors
  • Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
132
Q

Toll-like Receptors

A
  • Pattern recognition receptors
  • At least 10 distinct receptors
  • Bind Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs)
133
Q

PAMP Examples for TLRs

A
  • TLR4 - LPS
  • TLR2 - Peptidoglycan
  • TLR3 - dsRNA (RNA viruses)
  • TLR5 - Flagellin (flagellar filament proteins)
134
Q

The binding of TLR to PAMP initiates a ____ ____ ____, activating NFkB that activates cytokine-producing genes

A

signal transduction cascade

135
Q

Cytokines such as ____ and ____ bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses

A

Interleukins (stimulate cell growth), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF, increases vascular permeability, induces fever, activates B and T cells)

136
Q

Cytokine types:

A
  • Chemokines - Stimulate cell migration to infection sites
  • Endogenous pyrogens - Induce fever, circulate to brain and induce neurons to make prostaglandins
  • Interferons - Produced in response to viruses, block viral replication and assembly
137
Q

Vasodilation

A

Widening of the blood vessel to allow neutrophils into tissue to respond to pathogen, initiated by cytokines

138
Q

Adaptive Immune Response

A
  • Can descriminate between self and non-self
  • Has specificity and memory
  • Slower than innate
139
Q

Adaptive immune response components include:

A
  • Antibodies, antigen receptors, Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Main cell types are B and T lymphocytes

140
Q

Adaptive immunity has two branches:

A

Humoral and Cell-mediated

141
Q

Humoral Adaptive Immunity

A

Involves antibodies (made by B cells), defends against extracellular pathogens

142
Q

Cell-mediated Adaptive Immunity

A

Involves T cells, largely defends against intracellular pathogens, destroys own cells to eradicate them

143
Q

While innate immune responses are inititated at the site of infection, adaptive immune responses are initiated in the ___ ___ and ____, which are all connected via the ____ system

A

lymphoid organs and tissues

lymphatic

144
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs/Tissues

A

Where lymphocytes mature (ex. bone marrow (B cells), thymus (T cells))

145
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs/Tissues

A

Where lymphocytes engage antigen (ex. spleen and lymph nodes)

146
Q

B Cells

A
  • Make antibodies
  • Are Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells
  • Activate by antigen or T cells (recognizes just one antigen)
  • Develop into plasma cells or memory cells
147
Q

Plasma Cells

A

B cell descendant that produces and secretes antibodies for a specific antigen (>1000/sec)

148
Q

Memory Cells

A

B cell descendant that lasts for decades, activated upon the second exposure to an antigen

149
Q

Antibodies (Immunoglobulin)

A
  • Free-floating proteins made by B cells
  • Defend against extracellular pathogens by binding to them (on epitopes on surface)
  • Can neutralize or opsonize an antigen
150
Q

Affinity

A

The strength that an antibody binds to an antigen

151
Q

Epitopes

A

Parts of an antigen that antibodies bind to

152
Q

One antigen can have ____ epitopes, each binds to a ____ antibody

A

several, single

153
Q

Opsonins

A

Coat microbes for phagocytosis (ex. C3b, read by C3b receptor)

154
Q

Chemotactic factors assist in ____

A

PMN migration from blood to infection (ex. C5a)

155
Q

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

A

Series of complement proteins combine to form a pore in the microbial membrane

MICB 3301 Lecture (5 decks)

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