exam 3 Flashcards
pressure ulcers
-unrelieved pressure, results in damaged skin, muscle and underlying tissue
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
over bony prominences, circular patterns
Sacral ulcers: deep to bone
burns
Clinical Manifestations
* Full-thickness-no pain (nerve endings destroyed) but frequently occur with superficial and partial.
* Eschar= dead tissue —exposes nerve endings=painful
* Phases: emergent and resuscitation:
-emergent-time of injury until restoration of capillary permeability (48-72 hrs)
-resuscitation-initiation of fluid resuscitation measuresdecreased large fluid
shifts
* Acute- wound closure is achieved
Treatment: ABCs, restorative care-infection control, wound care, skin grafts, pain management, blister management, cleansing wound, positioning, etc.
diabetes mellitus 1 and 2
- characterized by hyperclycemia(excess glucose in blood), eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels.
- Insulin- dependent because is deficiency of insulin - excess white fat, distribution of fat around organs
-non insuling dependent, adult onset, controlled with diet, ex
SLE- Lupus and Cutaneous
- organs and system
produces antibodies against own cells
-affects young women, hereditary and environmental
-unknown cause
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: arthralgia, arthritis, fatigue, fever, weight changes.
cardiopulmonary, central nervous system, renal (anemia, hepatitis) . - Cutaneous lupus erythematosus- affects skin only. women late 20s
-CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: hair becomes brittle, rash, SLE symptoms, etc.
fibromyalgia
Chronic muscle pain syndrome, most common MS disorder
-widespread in at least 11-18 tender points
-Myofascial pain is NOT SYSTEMIC
-90% women, 20-55
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: muscle pain (aching), fatigue, during ex: circulation to muscles and brain decreases, diaphragm affected.
breast cancer
Linked to prolonged hormone (estrogen).
Women who have inherited changes (mutations) to certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2.
cellulitis: acute inflammation
-subQ, common in adults (streptcoccus, children (haemophilius influenza type B).
-Affects extremities often
-Red, painful patches, feel hot, sharp borders
TREATMENT: IV antibiotic, nutrition, hydration, surgical debridement.
-lymphangitis can occur if not treated
HIV
Primary cause of AIDs: type 1 retrovirus
transmission: exchanging of body fluids
takes 3-6 weeks to become positive
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
-early symptomatic stage: adenppathy, diarrhea, weiaht loss, fatigue, fever
Neurologic manifestations: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTMEM
-Cardiopulmonary disease
-prevention, no cure
The most commonly Cancers: lung, prostate, breast uterine, colorectal.
RISK FACTORS: age, lifestyle (smoking, diet, obesity, alcohol, sexual life) viruses, diabetes 2, exposure to hormones, etc.
Chronic fatigue syndrome
results from different factors or diseases
females 29-35 most likely
illness duration of 3-9 years
CLINICAL MANIFESTATONS:
-most common at onset: sore throat, fever, muscle pain, weakness
-hypotensive
hallmark: postexertional malaise= gets worst
No cure, drugs, PT
Addisons disease
results in a decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone
treatment: replace fluids, electrolytes, glucose
crushings syndrome
hypercortisolism- excess cortisol in body
women: 20-40
treatment- to restore hormone balance, radiation, drug therapy, surgery
graves disease
can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid.
Treatment may include medications to reduce the production of thyroid hormone, radioiodine therapy, or surgery to remove the thyroid.
S/S: Anxiety, heat sensitivity and an increase in perspiration, moist skin, weight loss,
metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
A decrease in pH below this range is acidosis, an increase over this range is alkalosis.
the two types of Immunity
- Innate: nonspecific, nonadaptive,
first line of defense to pathogens such as skin and mucosal. - Acquired (specificity and memory) protection anti antigen such as vaccine.
an activity that would have a detrimental effect on the immune system
marathon run
The most common cancer associated with HIV
Kaposi’s sarcoma
when someone is diagnosed with Chronic fatigue syndrome, how long does the fatigue lasts?
6 months
A disease where the body produces antibodies against its own cells?
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome
sore throat, fever, muscle pain
Type of diabetes where it only affects the pancreas.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
when does a varicella-zoster (shingles) patient should return to activities?
after all lesions are dry and crusted
A disease where immunization is not effective against it?
Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aurerus
individuals with which disease are at risk for splenic rupture?
infectious mononucleosis
influenza is spread by which mode of transmission?
droplet
what is it called to the period of time btwn the pathogen entering the host and the appearance of symtoms?
incubation period
skin lesions on the mouth or lips are a common characteristic of what condition?
herpes simplex virus type 1
Respiratory syncytial virus affects WHO the most?
very young kids
oncogenes are know as?
cancer-causing genes
Primary metastases locations of bone cancer
lungs, liver and the central nervous system
a benign tumor of the epithelium
adenoma
the first symptom of pulmonary metastases
dry and persistent coughing
prolonged use of estrogen hormone replacement has been linked with which type of cancer
breast cancer
what is ringworm/ tinea corporis caused by?
fungus
stage of a pressure ulcer is characterized by full thickness skin and tissue loss
stage 4
Friction and shearing forces, malnutrition, decreased circulation, decreased skin resilience, immobilization can cause what?
pressure ulcers
atopic dermatitis
“eczema”, is chronic,causes inflammation, redness, and irritation of the skin.
Clinical manifestations: Red, oozing, crusting rash initially (acute dermatitis, Dry, thickened, brownish-gray as child grows (chronic dermatitis.
- elbows/knees, neck, face, eyelids, backs of hands/feet
what is the most common cause of basal cell carcinoma
prolonged sun exposure
PERCENTS FOR BURNS REVIEW
psoriasis
well defined erythematous plaques covered with silvery scale
-chronic, inherited, noninfectious dermatosis
Common in young adults
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: scalp, chest, nails, knees, groin, etc. itching, occasional pain from dry, crusted lesions
-gout
Treatment: maximize remission, topical preparations, phototheraphy, etc.
A method that should be used for early detection of melanomas
ABCD
Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pitutary gland
human growth hormone
the three primary hormones released by the thyroid gland
thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcetonin
Hyperthyroidism s/s
the most common form of hyperthyroidism is ?
Graves’ disease
Hyperparathyroidism results in whhich condition?
Hypercalcemia
Type 1 diabete
type 2 diabetes
Hypoglycemia what is it, s/s, treatment
Addisons disease is a hypofunction of 2 small glands on the upper part of the kidneys, what are those called?
adrenal glands
factors that affects Immunity
aging, sleep deprivations, stress, vitamin deficits, , medication, surgery/anesthesia, burns (increases bacterial infections), stress, psychospiritual status, etc
two types of drugs for autoimmune diseases
corticosteroids and salicylates
anaphylaxis (severe allegy), requires an immediate injections called?
epipephrine
urticaria is the medical term for
hives
abscess, rash, Lymph nodes
-localized infection and inflammation with prulent exudate.
-rash- any microbe that had penetrated the skin and multiplied (measles, herpes zoster)
-red streaks- infections site in direction to regional lymph node, associated with lymphangitis
-inflamed lymph nodes: PALPATE CERVICAL, AXILLARY, INGUINAL
what is latent infection
when a microorganism has replicated
infectious disease
causes: increased use of invasive procedures, multidrugs (antibiotics).
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: diarrhea (usually bc of antibiotics), fever, abdominal pain, ileus, sepsis, etc, headache, pneumonia is also common.
staphylococcal infections
common bacteria on skin
-most common cause of infections acquired in hospitals
- nassal passages most common
-RISKS: DM, burns, chronic skin disease, RA
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: abscess formation, fever, chills, infection
Streptcoccal infections, A and B
A: GAS. droplet, strep throat, kids most common, antibitoics, strepcoccal cellulitis, erysipelas, myositis, purperal sepsis.
B: leading cause of neonatal pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis , part of normal vaginal flora, IV antibiotics
factors that may increase and older adults susceptibility to infection include?
decreased cough reflex, fragile skin, decreased vision, etc
urinary tract infection
a common cause of diarrhea in long-term care facilities is
clostridium difficile
impetigo ?
encrusted skin lesions, not fever, not pain
manifests as blisters-like lesions that erupt along dermatomes, and is caused by herpesvirus type 3
shingles
infectious mononucleosis is caused by
epstein barr virus
respiratory synctial virus
lower respiratory tract infections in kids, reinfections to adult s, SS: low grade fever, tachypnea, wheezing, treatment: hydration, etc
miscellaneous infectious disease
lyme disease- vector-borne
- bulls-eye rash, transmitted by ticks
spring/early summer
-1. flu-lke symptoms, 2. disseminated infection- neurological, RA in knee, 3. pain and swelling.
-Post- Lyme syndrome resembles fibromyalgi or CFS
A malignant cancer of blood vessels is termed:
hemangiosarcoma
Grades of tumors
- carcinoma in situ
l. early stage, local cancer
ll. increased risk of spread due to tumor size
lll. local cancer has spread but not disseminated to other regions
lV. cancer has spread to other sites
TNM staging.
(TUMOR, NODES, METASTASIS)
-used for solid tumors.
-T: primary tumor, 0-4
-N: regional lymph nodes, 0-4
M: 0 if no mets, 1 if mets present
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CANCER
-Asymptomatic early, advance cancer (nausea vomiting, weight loss), cancer pain, anxiety, depression. tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension, etc.
Pain control for cancer
-narcotics (fentanyl, oxycodone, hydromorphone)
Used on primary and secondary prevention for breast cancer: tamoxifen.
exercise for a person with cancer
monitoring vitals, exercise during and after chemo, exercise for cancer-related fatigue, exercise and lympthedema, etc.
largest organ of the body
skin
- 3 layers
(epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous)
causes and symptoms of skin lesions
contact with infective organisms, medication, physical trauma, hereditary, burns, systemic origin, radiation therapy, etc
SS: itching, rash, blisters, xeroderma (dry skin), moles, cysts, etc
what is senescence
the process of growing old
A serious complication of atopic dermatitis is secondary skin infection. This can be caused by:
xerosis and pruritis
malignant melanoma
metastasizes quickly
What do psoriasis, systemic sclerosis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis have in common?
associated with immune system dysfunction
A condition in which melanocytes are destroyed resulting in areas of depigmentation is called:
vitiligo
systemic sclerosis
connective tissue disease
-causes fibrosis of skin, joints, blood vessels
Women> , cause unknown
pain, stiffness, swelling of fingers, viscera GI, kidney issues, etc
no cure
Hormone produced by the Beta cells of the endocrine pancreas
insulin
the primary hormone released from the adrenal cortex that causes and elevation in blood glucose
cortisol
hypothyroidism can cause
hypometabolism
hyperparathyroidism
kidney damage, bone damage, hypercalcemia
levels of blood glucose
a level between 70 and 100 mg/dL= normal
more than 126= diabetes
the rule of nines:
arms 9% each front and back
legs 18% each front and back
anterior thorax 18%
posterior thorax 18%
privates: 1%
head 9%
