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Patho Exam 3 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

pressure ulcers

A

-unrelieved pressure, results in damaged skin, muscle and underlying tissue
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
over bony prominences, circular patterns

Sacral ulcers: deep to bone

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2
Q

burns

A

Clinical Manifestations
* Full-thickness-no pain (nerve endings destroyed) but frequently occur with superficial and partial.
* Eschar= dead tissue —exposes nerve endings=painful
* Phases: emergent and resuscitation:
-emergent-time of injury until restoration of capillary permeability (48-72 hrs)
-resuscitation-initiation of fluid resuscitation measuresdecreased large fluid
shifts
* Acute- wound closure is achieved

Treatment: ABCs, restorative care-infection control, wound care, skin grafts, pain management, blister management, cleansing wound, positioning, etc.

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3
Q

diabetes mellitus 1 and 2

A
  1. characterized by hyperclycemia(excess glucose in blood), eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels.
    - Insulin- dependent because is deficiency of insulin
  2. excess white fat, distribution of fat around organs
    -non insuling dependent, adult onset, controlled with diet, ex
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4
Q

SLE- Lupus and Cutaneous

A
  • organs and system
    produces antibodies against own cells
    -affects young women, hereditary and environmental
    -unknown cause
    CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: arthralgia, arthritis, fatigue, fever, weight changes.
    cardiopulmonary, central nervous system, renal (anemia, hepatitis) .
  • Cutaneous lupus erythematosus- affects skin only. women late 20s
    -CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: hair becomes brittle, rash, SLE symptoms, etc.
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5
Q

fibromyalgia

A

Chronic muscle pain syndrome, most common MS disorder
-widespread in at least 11-18 tender points
-Myofascial pain is NOT SYSTEMIC
-90% women, 20-55
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: muscle pain (aching), fatigue, during ex: circulation to muscles and brain decreases, diaphragm affected.

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6
Q

breast cancer

A

Linked to prolonged hormone (estrogen).
Women who have inherited changes (mutations) to certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2.

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7
Q

cellulitis: acute inflammation

A

-subQ, common in adults (streptcoccus, children (haemophilius influenza type B).
-Affects extremities often
-Red, painful patches, feel hot, sharp borders
TREATMENT: IV antibiotic, nutrition, hydration, surgical debridement.
-lymphangitis can occur if not treated

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8
Q

HIV

A

Primary cause of AIDs: type 1 retrovirus
transmission: exchanging of body fluids
takes 3-6 weeks to become positive
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
-early symptomatic stage: adenppathy, diarrhea, weiaht loss, fatigue, fever
Neurologic manifestations: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTMEM
-Cardiopulmonary disease
-prevention, no cure

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9
Q

The most commonly Cancers: lung, prostate, breast uterine, colorectal.

A

RISK FACTORS: age, lifestyle (smoking, diet, obesity, alcohol, sexual life) viruses, diabetes 2, exposure to hormones, etc.

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10
Q

Chronic fatigue syndrome

A

results from different factors or diseases
females 29-35 most likely
illness duration of 3-9 years
CLINICAL MANIFESTATONS:
-most common at onset: sore throat, fever, muscle pain, weakness
-hypotensive
hallmark: postexertional malaise= gets worst
No cure, drugs, PT

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11
Q

Addisons disease

A

results in a decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone
treatment: replace fluids, electrolytes, glucose

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12
Q

crushings syndrome

A

hypercortisolism- excess cortisol in body
women: 20-40
treatment- to restore hormone balance, radiation, drug therapy, surgery

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13
Q

graves disease

A

can cause hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid.
Treatment may include medications to reduce the production of thyroid hormone, radioiodine therapy, or surgery to remove the thyroid.
S/S: Anxiety, heat sensitivity and an increase in perspiration, moist skin, weight loss,

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14
Q

metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

A

A decrease in pH below this range is acidosis, an increase over this range is alkalosis.

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15
Q

the two types of Immunity

A
  1. Innate: nonspecific, nonadaptive,
    first line of defense to pathogens such as skin and mucosal.
  2. Acquired (specificity and memory) protection anti antigen such as vaccine.
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16
Q

an activity that would have a detrimental effect on the immune system

A

marathon run

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17
Q

The most common cancer associated with HIV

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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18
Q

when someone is diagnosed with Chronic fatigue syndrome, how long does the fatigue lasts?

A

6 months

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19
Q

A disease where the body produces antibodies against its own cells?

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

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20
Q

Symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome

A

sore throat, fever, muscle pain

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21
Q

Type of diabetes where it only affects the pancreas.

A

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

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22
Q

when does a varicella-zoster (shingles) patient should return to activities?

A

after all lesions are dry and crusted

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23
Q

A disease where immunization is not effective against it?

A

Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aurerus

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24
Q

individuals with which disease are at risk for splenic rupture?

A

infectious mononucleosis

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25
Q

influenza is spread by which mode of transmission?

A

droplet

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26
Q

what is it called to the period of time btwn the pathogen entering the host and the appearance of symtoms?

A

incubation period

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27
Q

skin lesions on the mouth or lips are a common characteristic of what condition?

A

herpes simplex virus type 1

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28
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus affects WHO the most?

A

very young kids

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29
Q

oncogenes are know as?

A

cancer-causing genes

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30
Q

Primary metastases locations of bone cancer

A

lungs, liver and the central nervous system

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31
Q

a benign tumor of the epithelium

A

adenoma

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32
Q

the first symptom of pulmonary metastases

A

dry and persistent coughing

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33
Q

prolonged use of estrogen hormone replacement has been linked with which type of cancer

A

breast cancer

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34
Q

what is ringworm/ tinea corporis caused by?

A

fungus

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35
Q

stage of a pressure ulcer is characterized by full thickness skin and tissue loss

A

stage 4

36
Q

Friction and shearing forces, malnutrition, decreased circulation, decreased skin resilience, immobilization can cause what?

A

pressure ulcers

37
Q

atopic dermatitis

A

“eczema”, is chronic,causes inflammation, redness, and irritation of the skin.
Clinical manifestations: Red, oozing, crusting rash initially (acute dermatitis, Dry, thickened, brownish-gray as child grows (chronic dermatitis.
- elbows/knees, neck, face, eyelids, backs of hands/feet

38
Q

what is the most common cause of basal cell carcinoma

A

prolonged sun exposure

39
Q

PERCENTS FOR BURNS REVIEW

A
40
Q

psoriasis

A

well defined erythematous plaques covered with silvery scale
-chronic, inherited, noninfectious dermatosis
Common in young adults
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: scalp, chest, nails, knees, groin, etc. itching, occasional pain from dry, crusted lesions
-gout
Treatment: maximize remission, topical preparations, phototheraphy, etc.

41
Q

A method that should be used for early detection of melanomas

A

ABCD

42
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pitutary gland

A

human growth hormone

43
Q

the three primary hormones released by the thyroid gland

A

thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcetonin

44
Q

Hyperthyroidism s/s

A
45
Q

the most common form of hyperthyroidism is ?

A

Graves’ disease

46
Q

Hyperparathyroidism results in whhich condition?

A

Hypercalcemia

47
Q

Type 1 diabete

A
48
Q

type 2 diabetes

A
49
Q

Hypoglycemia what is it, s/s, treatment

A
50
Q

Addisons disease is a hypofunction of 2 small glands on the upper part of the kidneys, what are those called?

A

adrenal glands

51
Q

factors that affects Immunity

A

aging, sleep deprivations, stress, vitamin deficits, , medication, surgery/anesthesia, burns (increases bacterial infections), stress, psychospiritual status, etc

52
Q

two types of drugs for autoimmune diseases

A

corticosteroids and salicylates

53
Q

anaphylaxis (severe allegy), requires an immediate injections called?

A

epipephrine

54
Q

urticaria is the medical term for

A

hives

55
Q

abscess, rash, Lymph nodes

A

-localized infection and inflammation with prulent exudate.
-rash- any microbe that had penetrated the skin and multiplied (measles, herpes zoster)
-red streaks- infections site in direction to regional lymph node, associated with lymphangitis
-inflamed lymph nodes: PALPATE CERVICAL, AXILLARY, INGUINAL

56
Q

what is latent infection

A

when a microorganism has replicated

57
Q

infectious disease

A

causes: increased use of invasive procedures, multidrugs (antibiotics).
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: diarrhea (usually bc of antibiotics), fever, abdominal pain, ileus, sepsis, etc, headache, pneumonia is also common.

58
Q

staphylococcal infections

A

common bacteria on skin
-most common cause of infections acquired in hospitals
- nassal passages most common
-RISKS: DM, burns, chronic skin disease, RA
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: abscess formation, fever, chills, infection

59
Q

Streptcoccal infections, A and B

A

A: GAS. droplet, strep throat, kids most common, antibitoics, strepcoccal cellulitis, erysipelas, myositis, purperal sepsis.

B: leading cause of neonatal pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis , part of normal vaginal flora, IV antibiotics

60
Q

factors that may increase and older adults susceptibility to infection include?

A

decreased cough reflex, fragile skin, decreased vision, etc

61
Q

urinary tract infection

A
62
Q

a common cause of diarrhea in long-term care facilities is

A

clostridium difficile

63
Q

impetigo ?

A

encrusted skin lesions, not fever, not pain

64
Q

manifests as blisters-like lesions that erupt along dermatomes, and is caused by herpesvirus type 3

A

shingles

65
Q

infectious mononucleosis is caused by

A

epstein barr virus

66
Q

respiratory synctial virus

A

lower respiratory tract infections in kids, reinfections to adult s, SS: low grade fever, tachypnea, wheezing, treatment: hydration, etc

67
Q

miscellaneous infectious disease

A

lyme disease- vector-borne
- bulls-eye rash, transmitted by ticks
spring/early summer
-1. flu-lke symptoms, 2. disseminated infection- neurological, RA in knee, 3. pain and swelling.
-Post- Lyme syndrome resembles fibromyalgi or CFS

68
Q

A malignant cancer of blood vessels is termed:

A

hemangiosarcoma

69
Q

Grades of tumors

A
  1. carcinoma in situ
    l. early stage, local cancer
    ll. increased risk of spread due to tumor size
    lll. local cancer has spread but not disseminated to other regions
    lV. cancer has spread to other sites
70
Q

TNM staging.
(TUMOR, NODES, METASTASIS)

A

-used for solid tumors.
-T: primary tumor, 0-4
-N: regional lymph nodes, 0-4
M: 0 if no mets, 1 if mets present

71
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CANCER

A

-Asymptomatic early, advance cancer (nausea vomiting, weight loss), cancer pain, anxiety, depression. tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension, etc.

72
Q

Pain control for cancer

A

-narcotics (fentanyl, oxycodone, hydromorphone)

Used on primary and secondary prevention for breast cancer: tamoxifen.

73
Q

exercise for a person with cancer

A

monitoring vitals, exercise during and after chemo, exercise for cancer-related fatigue, exercise and lympthedema, etc.

74
Q

largest organ of the body

A

skin
- 3 layers
(epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous)

75
Q

causes and symptoms of skin lesions

A

contact with infective organisms, medication, physical trauma, hereditary, burns, systemic origin, radiation therapy, etc

SS: itching, rash, blisters, xeroderma (dry skin), moles, cysts, etc

76
Q

what is senescence

A

the process of growing old

77
Q

A serious complication of atopic dermatitis is secondary skin infection. This can be caused by:

A

xerosis and pruritis

78
Q

malignant melanoma

A

metastasizes quickly

79
Q

What do psoriasis, systemic sclerosis, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis have in common?

A

associated with immune system dysfunction

80
Q

A condition in which melanocytes are destroyed resulting in areas of depigmentation is called:

A

vitiligo

81
Q

systemic sclerosis

A

connective tissue disease
-causes fibrosis of skin, joints, blood vessels
Women> , cause unknown
pain, stiffness, swelling of fingers, viscera GI, kidney issues, etc
no cure

82
Q

Hormone produced by the Beta cells of the endocrine pancreas

A

insulin

83
Q

the primary hormone released from the adrenal cortex that causes and elevation in blood glucose

A

cortisol

84
Q

hypothyroidism can cause

A

hypometabolism

85
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

kidney damage, bone damage, hypercalcemia

86
Q

levels of blood glucose

A

a level between 70 and 100 mg/dL= normal
more than 126= diabetes

87
Q

the rule of nines:

A

arms 9% each front and back
legs 18% each front and back
anterior thorax 18%
posterior thorax 18%
privates: 1%
head 9%

Patho Exam 3 (1 decks)

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