Exam 3

Question 1

Breath groups

Answer 1

Refers to any utterance (word, phrase, or sentence) that’s produced on a single exhalation of air

Question 2

Prosodic elements

Answer 2

Intonation, stress, and duration

Question 3

Intonation

Answer 3

The way a speaker varies pitch to signal linguistic and affective aspects of speech

Question 4

Stress

Answer 4

Variations in pitch, loudness, and duration of a syllable or word in a way that highlights or emphasizes a particular portion of an utterance to signal different types of information

Question 5

Duration

Answer 5

Length of an audible sound

Question 6

Heteronyms

Answer 6

Have the same spelling, but if the stress is on the first syllable it’s a noun or adjective and if the stress is on the second syllable then it’s a verb

Question 7

Coarticulation

Answer 7

Way in which two or more articulators move at virtually the same time to produce two or more different phonemes almost simultaneously

Question 8

Backward/Retentive Coarticulation

Answer 8

Articulatory feature of an earlier occurring segment is evident in the production of a later occurring segment

Question 9

Anticipatory coarticulation

Answer 9

Articulatory features of later occurring phonetic segment are present in the articulator features of an earlier occurring segment

Question 10

Differences in the duration of words within or at the end of sentences

Answer 10

Words that end sentences have a longer duration than words that start or are within sentences

Question 11

Juncture

Answer 11

Related to duration; way sounds are joined or separated from each other in contextual speech and function somewhat like oral punctuation

Question 12

Suprasegmental

Answer 12

Change in prosody that affects many segments of speech over a relatively long period of time

Question 13

Production of intonation contours for declaratives

Answer 13

-Declarative sentences are characterized by a rise-fall intonation contour
-Subglottal air pressure decreases, and vocal folds relax, which results in a drop in frequency which we perceive as a drop in pitch

Question 14

Production of intonation contours for interrogatives

Answer 14

-Integorratives have rising intonation contour
-Subglottal air pressure drops, and vocal folds compensate by increasing tension, causing the frequency of vibration of vocal folds to increase and we then perceive that as an increase in pitch

Question 15

Prosody

Answer 15

The melody of speech we use to signal linguistic or affective qualities as determined primarily by modifications of pitch, loudness, and duration

Question 16

Assimilation

Answer 16

The modification of a speech sound due to the influence of adjacent sounds

Question 17

Partial assimilation

Answer 17

We see no complete phonemic change as the result of coarticulation rather you change from one allophone to another

Question 18

Complete assimilation

Answer 18

Involves a change from an allophone from one phoneme to an allophone of another phoneme

Question 19

Duration of vowels before voiced vs. voiceless consonants

Answer 19

Vowels preceding voiceless consonants have a shorter duration than vowels preceding voiced consonants which have a longer duration