Exam 3 Flashcards
Land Conservation
The permanent protection of land areas by withdrawing them from development
Land & Water Conservation Fund
- supported by 10% of fedral revenue form offshore and gas drilling
- 70% goes towards purchase of land
- 30% goes to grants to support state and local conservation
Criteria for LEED certification
- Water efficiency
- Location and transportation
- Energy and atmosphere
- Materials and resources
- Innovation
Urban Sprawl
- Low density housing
- Segregated land uses
- increases in carbon emissions from transportation and large single family homes
- consumes agricultural land, open spaces, and natural habitats
Smarth Growth Strategies
- Modify ordinances to allow for zoning for residential land in city centers, commercial/industry in residential areas
- Tax credits and bonuses for concentrating developments
- Building and development codes that reduce impervious surfaces/pollution and increase energy efficiency
How is smart growth measured?
- energy consumption
- greenhouse gas emissions
- air and water pollution
- water recharge
- ecological health
- public health
- community happiness
Sustainable Communities
- dense/compact: more open space corridors
- walkable/bikable
- transit oriented
- affordable/mixed income
- low carbon footprint
- water friendly
- green infrastructure
- energy efficient
- proximity to employment
Walkable cities
use of streets that combine housing, shops, markets, schools, and health care; areas where cars are not required for everyday activities
Ahwanee Principles
Purpose: develop a set of community planning principles
Result: have resource efficient communities, diverse in population and use, conserve natural environments
- pedestrian and transit systems
- accessible public and community areas
Benefits of Brownfield remediation
- reduced risk to human/ecological health
- create jobs
- reduce auto traffic/ reduce air pollution
- increase local property values
-stimulate local economy
Urban Infill
development of vacant parcels in already built up areas; critical to smart growth and redevelopment
- revitalize existing communities and preserve outlaying greenspace
Marine Spatial Planning
Public process for organizing the use of marine space and pursuing social, economic, and ecological benefit
Need: marine environments experience intensive boat traffic such as recreation, oil and gas extraction and mining, fisheries, and energy
Regenerative Agriculture
improves soils health via organic composts, slowing water flow, rotational grazing, and enhancing carbon uptake
Northeast Ocean Plan
Goal is to focus on ecosystem-based management, monitoring and evaluation, best practices, data portal
- document marine activities and habitats
- stakeholder meetings and public comment
3 Goals of Northeast Ocean Plan
- Healthy Ocean and coastal ecosystems
- Effective decision making
- Compatibility among past, current, and future ocean uses
Conservation Easement
Legal agreement between a landowner and a land trust or government agency that permanently limits uses of the land in order to protect its conservation values
Green Infrastructure Management
Integration of Natural areas into urban landscapes
Five D’s of Efficient land use
- Density - population and employment per developed acre
- Diversity - mixed uses, job-housing balance
- Design - neighborhood layout, sidewalks, connectivity, aesthetics
- Destination accessibility - ease and convenience of trip
- Distance to transit - bus or rail stops
National Parks
used for passive recreation and focus on wildlife
National Forests
Used for resource production, recreation, wildlife habitat, and wilderness
What are some of the uses that federal land is typically managed for?
Timber, minerals, recreation, wildlife and wilderness, fish
Agricultural Easement
Public funds are used to purchase development rights from farmers to promote local agriculture and prevent conversion to development (state and local land conservation)
Land Trusts
Nonprofit conservation organization that accepts land donations, buys conservation easements, negotiates with land owners, developers and local governors, and manages natural areas
- conserve nautral and cultural resources and working landscape
Bureau of Land Management
Manages federal lands not placed in national forests, parks, or refuges
Tools for Land Conservation
- Land aquisition
- Conservation easement
- green infrastructure management
- private land stewardship
- Enhancing economic viability of landscape usage
National Wilderness Preservation System
Designated areas in parks, forests, refuges, and rangelands for wilderness management, restricted other uses
- est. by congress in 1964
Goals of marine Spatial Planning
- Provides legal certainty and predictability for public and private investment while protecting resources
- Plans are meant to change with new innovations
- Not just zoning or single sector management (marine equivalent of watershed planning
- Stakeholders vary from regions, tailored to local objectives
- **Makes tradoffs in resource use and sector values explicit
Common Forcing
Tropic/Extratropic Storm = Rainfall + surge + waves
Mutual Reinforcement
clustered events = combined river flood + surge
Conditional dependence
Saturated soils + rain surge /
sea level rise + subsidence + extreme tides = fair weather flooding
Why is the Australian Outback in need of land conservation?
- Invasive species driving highest mammal extinction rate in the world
- overgrazing led to soil compaction and loss of perennial grazes
- new fire regime created by plant invasions and climate change
What actions are being taken to conserve the Australian Outback?
- invasive species exclusion fences
- Perennial grass cultivation via rotational strategic grazing and wildfire management
- support of indigenous peoples for land stewardship
- regenerative agriculture
What groups and governing bodies take part in land conservation in the US?
- Federal Government
- state government
- land trusts
- NGO (nature conservatory)
- property owners
How to enhance economic viability of landscape usage?
Federal incentives to increase private land conservation
- tax laws: deduct land taxes in return for allowing conservation from nonprofit land trust
- agriculture conservation: offer payments to farmers who remove wetland and highly erodible from crop production and manage them for conservation
How do individual states pay for land aquisition?
Ballot initiatives: increase conservation funds
- state bonds, taxes on property, general funds, lottery revenue, sales tax
Motivation for Complete Streets
provide safe, convenient, and pleasing pedestrian, bike and auto access
Features of complete streets
active sidewalks, dedicated bike lanes, active roadway (one land in either direction), safe crosswalks, planting strop, green space
