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Biology 1306 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Interphase: S phase, G1 phase, G2 phase

A

-Interphase: most of cell’s life (growth, normal function, most body cells are in interphase)

-Interphase includes G1,G2, and S phase

-G1: gap 1, growth making organelles and proteins, length of phase varies in different cell types

-G2: gap 2, continue growth and preparation for cell division

-S phase: synthesis of DNA, chromosomes are copied to prepare for cell division

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

-division of chromosomes

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3
Q

Cytokinesis

A

-division of cytoplasm

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4
Q

Centrosome

A

-point of origin for microtubules

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5
Q

Centromere

A

-DNA sequence on each chromosome where sister chromatids are closely attached

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

-1 double stranded molecule of DNA wound around histone proteins
-colored body (historical)

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7
Q

Chromatid

A

-all chromosomes
-colored matter (historical)

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8
Q

Prophase

A

-2nd centrosome forms in this phase
-spindle forms

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9
Q

Spindle fiber

A

-array of microtubules
-centrosome begin to move away from each other

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10
Q

Centriole

A

-one of two small cylindrical structures contained within the centrosome near the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell (found in animals but not in most plants)
-consists of microtubule triplets and is structurally identical to a basal body

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11
Q

Prometaphase

A

-nuclear envelope breaks down
-each chromatid now has a kinetochore associated with its centromere
-think of it as a preparation stage

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12
Q

Kinetochore

A

-protein structure that links with centromere to spindle fiber

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13
Q

Metaphase

A

-chromosomes are in center of cell
-kinetochore of each chromatid is attached to microtubule from opposite pole
-centrosomes at opposite poles
-think of it as a middle stage

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14
Q

Anaphase

A

-sister chromatids separate
-kinetochore microtubules shorten
-daughter chromosomes move toward poles
-think of it as them being apart (separate)

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15
Q

Telophase

A

-nuclear envelope reforms which makes 2 nuclei
-chromosomes decondense
-nuclei re-appears
-spindle microtubules depolymerize
-think of it as twins are formed

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16
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

-an indentation in the cell surface that occurs as the plasma membrane is pulled inwards during cytokinesis in animal cells
-the furrow deepens until the membrane fuses, dividing the cytoplasm into two daughter cells

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17
Q

Adaptation

A

-heritable characteristics that enhance survival and/or reproduction

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18
Q

Acclimatization

A

-change within an individual in response to short term changes in the environment

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19
Q

Conformer

A

-internal environment matches external value of the variable
-doesn’t require animal to spend energy regulating that variable

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20
Q

Regulator

A

-animal spends energy to maintain internal variable the same over a wide range of external conditions

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

-array of relatively stable chemical and physical conditions in an organism’s cells, tissues, and organs
-can be achieved by passively matching the conditions of a stable external environment (conformational homeostasis) or by active physiological processes (regulatory homeostasis) triggered by variations in the external or internal environment

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22
Q

Insulin

A

-a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas in response to high levels of glucose (or amino acids) in the blood
-enables cells to absorb glucose and coordinates synthesis of fats, proteins, and glycogen

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23
Q

Glucagon

A

-a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels
-raises the blood glucose level by triggering breakdown of glycogen and stimulating gluconeogenesis

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24
Q

Ectoderm

A

-outermost of the 3 basic cell layers (germ layers) in most animal embryos
-gives rise to the outer covering and nervous system

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25
Q

Endotherm

A

-the innermost of the 3 basic cell layers (germ layers) in most animal embryos
-gives rise to the digestive tract and organs that connect to it (liver, lungs, etc.)

26
Q

Convection

A

-heat transfer by a moving fluid

27
Q

Conduction

A

-heat transfer between objects in direct contact

28
Q

Radiation

A

-electromagnetic radiation
-any object warmer than 0 kelvin radiates heat
-infrared radiation

29
Q

Evaporation

A

-liquid molecules with highest kinetic energy escape into gas phase
-removes heat from the animal

30
Q

Osmolarity

A

-controlling salt and water gain or loss from body fluids
-purpose: cell function depends on enzymes that require predictable solute concentrations

31
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

-refers to a solution that has a lower solute concentration, and therefore a higher water concentration, than another solution

32
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

-refers to a solution that has higher solute concentration, and therefore a lower water concentration, than another solution

33
Q

Isosmotic

A

-refers to a solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration as another solution

34
Q

Ammonia

A

-small molecule produced by the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids, that is very toxic to cells
-is a strong base that gains a proton to form the ammonium ion
-the major nitrogenous waste of bony fishes and aquatic invertebrates

35
Q

Urea

A

-the major nitrogenous waste of mammals, adult amphibians, and cartilaginous fishes

36
Q

Uric acid

A

-major nitrogenous waste of birds, other reptiles, and most terrestrial arthropods

37
Q

Hemolymph

A

-circulatory fluid of animals with open circulatory systems (e.g., insects) in which the fluid isn’t confined to blood vessels

38
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

-fluid between cells in the extracellular space around cells
-not inside a vessel

39
Q

Erythrocyte

A

-red blood cell

40
Q

Leukocyte

A

-white blood cells (also known as immune system cells)

41
Q

Transpiration

A

-evaporation of H2O out of stomata in leaves
-creates tension within the water column inside the xylem due to negative pressure @ top

42
Q

Xylem

A

-vessels that move water and ions one-way from roots to leaves

43
Q

Phloem

A

-vessels that move sugars and macromolecules and hormones

44
Q

Tracheid

A

-long thin tubes with perforated secondary cell walls
-cells that make up xylem

45
Q

Vessel element

A

-in vascular plants, a short, wide, water-conducting cell that has gasps through both the primary and secondary cell walls, allowing unimpeded passage of water between adjacent cells

46
Q

Sieve tube element

A

-cells consisting of cytoplasm and cell membrane
-no nucleus or organelles

47
Q

Companion cell

A

-cells have nucleus, organelles, and cell membrane
-connected to sieve tube elements by plasmodesmata

48
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

-channels of cytoplasm connecting plant cells
-cytoplasm flows between phloem cells

49
Q

Cohesion

A

-hydrogen bonds between like molecules H2O-H2O

50
Q

Adhesion

A

-hydrogen bonds between 2 different molecules H2O-cellulose

51
Q

Ligand

A

-any molecule that binds to a specific site on a receptor model

52
Q

Hormone

A

-chemical signals produced by endocrine cells

53
Q

Paracrine

A

-chemical secreted from one cell signals a neighboring cell

54
Q

Endocrine

A

-cells that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid or onto capillaries, but not into a duct or lumen

55
Q

Pheromone

A

-secreted by cells in one individual to act on cells in another individual of the same species

56
Q

Second messenger

A

-a nonprotein signaling molecule (e.g., calcium) produced or activated inside a cell in response to stimulation by a chemical messenger (the “first” messenger) at the cell surface
-commonly used to relay the message of a hormone or other extracellular signaling molecule

57
Q

Kinase

A

-type of enzyme that adds chemicals called phosphates to other molecules, such as sugars or proteins

58
Q

Gene transcription

A

-process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA

59
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

-a peptide hormone secreted by the cells in the lining of the small intestine
-stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and the release of bile by the gallbladder

60
Q

Secretin

A

-peptide hormone secreted by cells in the small intestine in response to the arrival of food from the stomach
-stimulates secretion of the bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) by the pancreas

61
Q

Gastrin

A

-hormone produced by cells in the stomach lining in response to the arrival of food or to a neural signal from the brain
-stimulates other stomach cells to release hydrochloric acid

Biology 1306 (2 decks)

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