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Biology 1306 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Interphase: S phase, G1 phase, G2 phase

A

-Interphase: most of cell’s life (growth, normal function, most body cells are in interphase)

-Interphase includes G1,G2, and S phase

-G1: gap 1, growth making organelles and proteins, length of phase varies in different cell types

-G2: gap 2, continue growth and preparation for cell division

-S phase: synthesis of DNA, chromosomes are copied to prepare for cell division

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

-division of chromosomes

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3
Q

Cytokinesis

A

-division of cytoplasm

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4
Q

Centrosome

A

-point of origin for microtubules

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5
Q

Centromere

A

-DNA sequence on each chromosome where sister chromatids are closely attached

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

-1 double stranded molecule of DNA wound around histone proteins
-colored body (historical)

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7
Q

Chromatid

A

-all chromosomes
-colored matter (historical)

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8
Q

Prophase

A

-2nd centrosome forms in this phase
-spindle forms

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9
Q

Spindle fiber

A

-array of microtubules
-centrosome begin to move away from each other

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10
Q

Centriole

A

-one of two small cylindrical structures contained within the centrosome near the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell (found in animals but not in most plants)
-consists of microtubule triplets and is structurally identical to a basal body

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11
Q

Prometaphase

A

-nuclear envelope breaks down
-each chromatid now has a kinetochore associated with its centromere
-think of it as a preparation stage

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12
Q

Kinetochore

A

-protein structure that links with centromere to spindle fiber

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13
Q

Metaphase

A

-chromosomes are in center of cell
-kinetochore of each chromatid is attached to microtubule from opposite pole
-centrosomes at opposite poles
-think of it as a middle stage

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14
Q

Anaphase

A

-sister chromatids separate
-kinetochore microtubules shorten
-daughter chromosomes move toward poles
-think of it as them being apart (separate)

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15
Q

Telophase

A

-nuclear envelope reforms which makes 2 nuclei
-chromosomes decondense
-nuclei re-appears
-spindle microtubules depolymerize
-think of it as twins are formed

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16
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

-an indentation in the cell surface that occurs as the plasma membrane is pulled inwards during cytokinesis in animal cells
-the furrow deepens until the membrane fuses, dividing the cytoplasm into two daughter cells

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17
Q

Adaptation

A

-heritable characteristics that enhance survival and/or reproduction

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18
Q

Acclimatization

A

-change within an individual in response to short term changes in the environment

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19
Q

Conformer

A

-internal environment matches external value of the variable
-doesn’t require animal to spend energy regulating that variable

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20
Q

Regulator

A

-animal spends energy to maintain internal variable the same over a wide range of external conditions

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

-array of relatively stable chemical and physical conditions in an organism’s cells, tissues, and organs
-can be achieved by passively matching the conditions of a stable external environment (conformational homeostasis) or by active physiological processes (regulatory homeostasis) triggered by variations in the external or internal environment

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22
Q

Insulin

A

-a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas in response to high levels of glucose (or amino acids) in the blood
-enables cells to absorb glucose and coordinates synthesis of fats, proteins, and glycogen

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23
Q

Glucagon

A

-a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels
-raises the blood glucose level by triggering breakdown of glycogen and stimulating gluconeogenesis

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24
Q

Ectoderm

A

-outermost of the 3 basic cell layers (germ layers) in most animal embryos
-gives rise to the outer covering and nervous system

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25
Endotherm
-the innermost of the 3 basic cell layers (germ layers) in most animal embryos -gives rise to the digestive tract and organs that connect to it (liver, lungs, etc.)
26
Convection
-heat transfer by a moving fluid
27
Conduction
-heat transfer between objects in direct contact
28
Radiation
-electromagnetic radiation -any object warmer than 0 kelvin radiates heat -infrared radiation
29
Evaporation
-liquid molecules with highest kinetic energy escape into gas phase -removes heat from the animal
30
Osmolarity
-controlling salt and water gain or loss from body fluids -purpose: cell function depends on enzymes that require predictable solute concentrations
31
Hypoosmotic
-refers to a solution that has a lower solute concentration, and therefore a higher water concentration, than another solution
32
Hyperosmotic
-refers to a solution that has higher solute concentration, and therefore a lower water concentration, than another solution
33
Isosmotic
-refers to a solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration as another solution
34
Ammonia
-small molecule produced by the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids, that is very toxic to cells -is a strong base that gains a proton to form the ammonium ion -the major nitrogenous waste of bony fishes and aquatic invertebrates
35
Urea
-the major nitrogenous waste of mammals, adult amphibians, and cartilaginous fishes
36
Uric acid
-major nitrogenous waste of birds, other reptiles, and most terrestrial arthropods
37
Hemolymph
-circulatory fluid of animals with open circulatory systems (e.g., insects) in which the fluid isn't confined to blood vessels
38
Interstitial fluid
-fluid between cells in the extracellular space around cells -not inside a vessel
39
Erythrocyte
-red blood cell
40
Leukocyte
-white blood cells (also known as immune system cells)
41
Transpiration
-evaporation of H2O out of stomata in leaves -creates tension within the water column inside the xylem due to negative pressure @ top
42
Xylem
-vessels that move water and ions one-way from roots to leaves
43
Phloem
-vessels that move sugars and macromolecules and hormones
44
Tracheid
-long thin tubes with perforated secondary cell walls -cells that make up xylem
45
Vessel element
-in vascular plants, a short, wide, water-conducting cell that has gasps through both the primary and secondary cell walls, allowing unimpeded passage of water between adjacent cells
46
Sieve tube element
-cells consisting of cytoplasm and cell membrane -no nucleus or organelles
47
Companion cell
-cells have nucleus, organelles, and cell membrane -connected to sieve tube elements by plasmodesmata
48
Plasmodesmata
-channels of cytoplasm connecting plant cells -cytoplasm flows between phloem cells
49
Cohesion
-hydrogen bonds between like molecules H2O-H2O
50
Adhesion
-hydrogen bonds between 2 different molecules H2O-cellulose
51
Ligand
-any molecule that binds to a specific site on a receptor model
52
Hormone
-chemical signals produced by endocrine cells
53
Paracrine
-chemical secreted from one cell signals a neighboring cell
54
Endocrine
-cells that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid or onto capillaries, but not into a duct or lumen
55
Pheromone
-secreted by cells in one individual to act on cells in another individual of the same species
56
Second messenger
-a nonprotein signaling molecule (e.g., calcium) produced or activated inside a cell in response to stimulation by a chemical messenger (the "first" messenger) at the cell surface -commonly used to relay the message of a hormone or other extracellular signaling molecule
57
Kinase
-type of enzyme that adds chemicals called phosphates to other molecules, such as sugars or proteins
58
Gene transcription
-process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA
59
Cholecystokinin
-a peptide hormone secreted by the cells in the lining of the small intestine -stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and the release of bile by the gallbladder
60
Secretin
-peptide hormone secreted by cells in the small intestine in response to the arrival of food from the stomach -stimulates secretion of the bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) by the pancreas
61
Gastrin
-hormone produced by cells in the stomach lining in response to the arrival of food or to a neural signal from the brain -stimulates other stomach cells to release hydrochloric acid

Biology 1306 (2 decks)

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