Exam #3

Question 1

4 levels of measurement

Answer 1

Nominal: categorizing data in exclusive (groups, ethnicity, city of birth)
Ordinal: data can be ranked in order but no order between categories
Interval: equal intervals between data point but NO TRUE ZERO POINT
Ratio: equal interval between data points but HAVE A TRUE ZERO POINT

Question 2

Positive Relationship

Answer 2

dependent variable increases as the independent increases * both variables move in the same direction*

Question 3

Negative relationship

Answer 3

two variables move in the opposite direction

Question 4

Curvilinear relationship

Answer 4

two variables where as one variable increases, so does the other variable, but only up to a certain point

Question 5

Mediating Variable

Answer 5

explains the process through which two variables are related

Question 6

Moderating variable

Answer 6

affects the strength and direction of that relationship
Categorical variables such as ethnicity, race, religion, favorite colors, health status, or stimulus type,
Quantitative variables such as age, weight, height, income, or visual stimulus size.

Question 7

Concept

Answer 7

An image in one’s mind that represents an idea, an item, an event, a behavior, or a person

Question 8

Self-reports

Answer 8

are often used as a way of gaining participants’ responses in observational studies and experiments.

Question 9

Direct Observation

Answer 9

physical characteristics-things we can observe of the person being interviewed
(sex, skin color)

Question 10

Validity

Answer 10

measures the correct thing

Question 11

Construct validity

Answer 11

how well a test measures the concept it was designed to evaluate.

Question 12

Criterion related validity

Answer 12

when it has demonstrated its effectiveness in predicting criteria, or indicators, of a construct.

Question 13

Reliability

Answer 13

which research method produces stable and consistent results.

Question 14

Systematic error

Answer 14

is a consistent or proportional difference between the observed and true values of something

Question 15

Test-retest reliability

Answer 15

administering the same test twice over a period of time to a group of individuals.

Question 16

Internal consistency reliability

Answer 16

Consistency of items in a test or questionnaire, similar items should provide consistent information if they are measuring the same thing.

Question 17

Interobserver Reliability

Answer 17

two observers independently observe. Can check the degree of the relationship, usually measured at the same time.

Question 18

Inter-rater Reliability

Answer 18

a way to measure the level of agreement between multiple raters or judges.

Question 19

Content Validity

Answer 19

evaluates how well an instrument (like a test) covers all relevant parts of the construct it aims to measure.

Question 20

Face Validity

Answer 20

test appears to measure what it is intended to measure.

Question 21

Parallel forms reliability

Answer 21

conducting assessment of the same phenomena with the same sample group

Question 22

Random Error

Answer 22

Errors that arise from chance that lead to an incorrect estimate of association

Question 23

Social desirability bias

Answer 23

Tendency for respondents to reply to questions in a manner than is viewed as socially acceptable.

Question 24

Cultural Bias

Answer 24

Interpreting and judging other cultures by the standards of your own culture

Question 25

4 alternative forms of Measurement
Broad categories for operationalizing variables

Answer 25

Written Self Reports
Interviews
Direct Behavioral Observation
Examining Available Records

Question 26

How to Avoid measurement Error

Answer 26

Try to use neutral language and concepts that respondents will understand.
Ask for advice from colleagues to identify any biases you may have missed.
Test your questioniare.
Make sure the individuals you use to conduct interviews or rate behaviors are capable of performing their duties consistently.

Question 27

interview schedule

Answer 27

interview list of questions

Question 28

interview guide

Answer 28

list of topics to be asked

Question 29

contingency questions

Answer 29

answered only if respondent gives certain answer
(have you ever been married? If yes …)

Question 30

Open ended question

Answer 30

respondent provides their own answer

Question 31

Exhaustive

Answer 31

includes all possible responses (“other”)

Question 32

Close Ended

Answer 32

respondents asked to select answer from among a list provided

Question 33

Double barreled questions

Answer 33

composed of more than two possible issues or topics but can only have one answer
(ex:do you believe campus parking and housing is a problem on campus)

Question 34

Guidelines for asking Questions

Answer 34

Make Items Clear
Avoid double barreled questions( no “and” & agree and disagree)
Respondents must be competent to answer
Respondents must be willing to answer
Short Items are best
Questions should be relevant
Avoid NO or NOT
Questions should be culturally sensitive

Question 35

Likert scaling

Answer 35

measurement technique that is based on the use of standardized response categories
(strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree)

Question 36

Matrix questions

Answer 36

standardized set of close ended response categories are used in answering questionnaire items