Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

4 levels of measurement

A

Nominal: categorizing data in exclusive (groups, ethnicity, city of birth)
Ordinal: data can be ranked in order but no order between categories
Interval: equal intervals between data point but NO TRUE ZERO POINT
Ratio: equal interval between data points but HAVE A TRUE ZERO POINT

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2
Q

Positive Relationship

A

dependent variable increases as the independent increases * both variables move in the same direction*

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3
Q

Negative relationship

A

two variables move in the opposite direction

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4
Q

Curvilinear relationship

A

two variables where as one variable increases, so does the other variable, but only up to a certain point

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5
Q

Mediating Variable

A

explains the process through which two variables are related

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6
Q

Moderating variable

A

affects the strength and direction of that relationship
Categorical variables such as ethnicity, race, religion, favorite colors, health status, or stimulus type,
Quantitative variables such as age, weight, height, income, or visual stimulus size.

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7
Q

Concept

A

An image in one’s mind that represents an idea, an item, an event, a behavior, or a person

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8
Q

Self-reports

A

are often used as a way of gaining participants’ responses in observational studies and experiments.

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9
Q

Direct Observation

A

physical characteristics-things we can observe of the person being interviewed
(sex, skin color)

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10
Q

Validity

A

measures the correct thing

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11
Q

Construct validity

A

how well a test measures the concept it was designed to evaluate.

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12
Q

Criterion related validity

A

when it has demonstrated its effectiveness in predicting criteria, or indicators, of a construct.

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13
Q

Reliability

A

which research method produces stable and consistent results.

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14
Q

Systematic error

A

is a consistent or proportional difference between the observed and true values of something

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15
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

administering the same test twice over a period of time to a group of individuals.

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16
Q

Internal consistency reliability

A

Consistency of items in a test or questionnaire, similar items should provide consistent information if they are measuring the same thing.

17
Q

Interobserver Reliability

A

two observers independently observe. Can check the degree of the relationship, usually measured at the same time.

18
Q

Inter-rater Reliability

A

a way to measure the level of agreement between multiple raters or judges.

19
Q

Content Validity

A

evaluates how well an instrument (like a test) covers all relevant parts of the construct it aims to measure.

20
Q

Face Validity

A

test appears to measure what it is intended to measure.

21
Q

Parallel forms reliability

A

conducting assessment of the same phenomena with the same sample group

22
Q

Random Error

A

Errors that arise from chance that lead to an incorrect estimate of association

23
Q

Social desirability bias

A

Tendency for respondents to reply to questions in a manner than is viewed as socially acceptable.

24
Q

Cultural Bias

A

Interpreting and judging other cultures by the standards of your own culture

25
4 alternative forms of Measurement Broad categories for operationalizing variables
Written Self Reports Interviews Direct Behavioral Observation Examining Available Records
26
How to Avoid measurement Error
Try to use neutral language and concepts that respondents will understand. Ask for advice from colleagues to identify any biases you may have missed. Test your questioniare. Make sure the individuals you use to conduct interviews or rate behaviors are capable of performing their duties consistently.
27
interview schedule
interview list of questions
28
interview guide
list of topics to be asked
29
contingency questions
answered only if respondent gives certain answer (have you ever been married? If yes ...)
30
Open ended question
respondent provides their own answer
31
Exhaustive
includes all possible responses ("other")
32
Close Ended
respondents asked to select answer from among a list provided
33
Double barreled questions
composed of more than two possible issues or topics but can only have one answer (ex:do you believe campus parking and housing is a problem on campus)
34
Guidelines for asking Questions
Make Items Clear Avoid double barreled questions( no "and" & agree and disagree) Respondents must be competent to answer Respondents must be willing to answer Short Items are best Questions should be relevant Avoid NO or NOT Questions should be culturally sensitive
35
Likert scaling
measurement technique that is based on the use of standardized response categories (strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree)
36
Matrix questions
standardized set of close ended response categories are used in answering questionnaire items