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US Gov And Politics > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

General Election

A

Election in which voters choose their elected officials

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2
Q

Primary Election

A

Election in which voters select the candidates who will run on the party label for the general election

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3
Q

Incumbency Advantage

A

The advantage an elected official who already holds a position has

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4
Q

Wesberry V Sanders

A

Rules that congressional districts should have roughly equal populations if this is feasible (1964)

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5
Q

Karcher V Daggett

A

(1983) Ruled Gerrymandering was against the constitution even if the populations were similar since it was not in good faith

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6
Q

Shaw V Reno

A

(1983) Ruled that redistricting on the basis or race alone was not sufficient if done beyond a reasonable amount

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7
Q

Shelby County V Holder

A

(2013) Ruled that section 4 of the voting rights act was unconstitutional. Ruled that the formulae to determine which districts were subject to pre clearance was wrong. Made it easier to make it harder for minorities to vote

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8
Q

Safe Seat

A

Seat in congress held reliably by a party

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9
Q

Open Seat

A

An election for a position in congress without an incumbent running

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10
Q

Negativity

A

A campaign strategy telling voters why they should not vote for the opponent by highlighting information that raises doubts

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11
Q

Microtargeting

A

Using detailed info on certain groups in order to specifically target them

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12
Q

Valence Issues

A

Issues that are widely supported and unlikely to differ among candidates

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13
Q

Position Issues

A

Political issues that offer specific policy choices and offen differentiate candidates views and plans of action

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14
Q

Wedge Issues

A

Divisive issues focused on a particular group that candidates use to gain support by taking votes away from their opponents

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15
Q

Reapportionment

A

Redistribution of sears in House of Reps based in population changes

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16
Q

Redistricting

A

Redrawing district lines in order to keep populations similar

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17
Q

Gerrymandering

A

The redrawing of districts for political purposes

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18
Q

Reverion to the Mean

A

If candidates are becoming polarized the ones who will do best are those who appeal most to the middle

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19
Q

Vanishing Marginals

A

Trend marking decline of competitive congressional elections

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20
Q

Coattail Effect

A

A popular president or candidate boosting votes for others in their party

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21
Q

Presidential penalty

A

President’s party does poor in mid terms because people take out their dissatisfaction

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22
Q

Surge and Decline

A

The difference in turnout in presidential elections vs congressional or midterm elections

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23
Q

Hillstyle

A

The way a member represents or gives back to their district from DC

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24
Q

Homestyle

A

The way a legislator reps their district when they are in it

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25
Q

Strategic Politician Hypothesis

A

Effect that the strength of econ and pop of pres have on decision to run for congredd

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26
Q

Public Opinion

A

Aggregate of attitudes about certain issues or officals

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27
Q

Voting Public

A

The people of the public who vote

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28
Q

Issue Public

A

Members of the public who focus on one issue

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29
Q

Religiosity

A

Having strong religious feelings or belief

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30
Q

Religious Saliency

A

The importance of religion in one’s life

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31
Q

Confidence Interval

A

A statistical range that takes random error into account

32
Q

Representative Sample

A

Method of selection that allows a sample to be a reflection of the entire population

33
Q

Random Sample

A

Method of selection that gives everyone who might be selected an equal chance to participate

34
Q

Self Interest

A

Concern for one’s own advantage and well being

35
Q

Rationality

A

Acting in a way consistent with one’s self interest

36
Q

Levels of Conceptualization

A

Measure of how ideologically coherent individuals are in their political evaluations

37
Q

Political Socialization

A

Process by which individuals learn and internalize their own political perception

38
Q

Gender Gap

A

Difference in attitude between men and women

39
Q

Socializing Agents

A

Combo of social groups and institutions that provide the experiences of socialization

40
Q

Political Trust

A

Extent people believe the gov acts in their best interests

41
Q

Tracking Polls

A

Polls that gauge changes in opinion of the dame sample size over a period of timr

42
Q

Exit Polls

A

Polls that sample voters immediately after voting to try and predict election results before all votes are counted

43
Q

Push Polls

A

Polls designed to manipulate those being polled

44
Q

Nonattitudes

A

A source of error when people give an opinion on something when they don’t have an opinion or are uninformed

45
Q

Polarization

A

Condition in which differences between parties or public are so stark that disagreement breaks out

46
Q

Indoctrination thesis

A

Teaching someone to accept beliefs without questioning them

47
Q

Enlightenment Theory

A

Reason is the primary source of authority and legitimacy

48
Q

Exposure Thesis

A

Exposure to new ideas may change your way of thinking

49
Q

Generational Effect

A

Major events that change an entire generation’s perceptions about events (9/11)

50
Q

Life Cycle Effect

A

The idea that your views change as your progress through different stages in life

51
Q

Mass Media

A

News sources such as newspapers, tele, radio and internet. Purpose is to provide a large audience with info

52
Q

News Media

A

Subset of mass media that reports the news, gathered and supported by journalists

53
Q

Watchdog

A

Role of press in monitoring gov actions

54
Q

Framing

A

The ability of the media to influence perception about a certain issue by constructing the discussion a certain way (how it is presented)

55
Q

Agenda Setting

A

Ability of media to affect the way people view issues by controlling which stories are shown

56
Q

Priming

A

The process where the media influenced the criteria the public uses to make decisions (what is presented)

57
Q

Media Consolidation

A

Media being owned by large groups

58
Q

Ideological Bias

A

Bias that is influenced by the ideology of the presenters

59
Q

Selective Perception

A

Process where partisans perceive the same information differently

60
Q

Selective Exposure

A

The choice to only listen to sources they agree with

61
Q

Minimal Effects Model

A

View of media impact as minimal as most people seek news to reinforce beliefs

62
Q

Not so minimal effects model

A

View of the media’s impact ad substantial

63
Q

Sound bite

A

A short audio snippet from a recorded interview

64
Q

Horse Race Coverage

A

Focusing on polling data and perception rather than policy, only focuses on differences

65
Q

Pack Journalism

A

When reporters from different outlets collab to cover the same story

66
Q

Hard News

A

Political news that is more fact based

67
Q

Soft News

A

Journalism that blurs line between information and entertainment

68
Q

Personalization Bias

A

Tendency to down play social, econ and polit developments to focus on the human trials

69
Q

Dramatization Bias

A

News stories that can be easily dramatized into simple stories

70
Q

Fragmentation Bias

A

Isolation of stories so that it becomes harder to see the bigger picture

71
Q

Politics as a Game

A

Focusing on winners and losers rather than substance

72
Q

Uncontrolled Media

A

Media not under control of an organization

73
Q

Controlled Media

A

Media controlled by an organization

74
Q

Selection Bias

A

When the people included in a study are not an accurate representation of the whole population

75
Q

Commercial Bias

A

Information presented in a manner that attempts to sway opinion in favor of a commercial business

US Gov And Politics (1 decks)

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