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Federal Government > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

13th andmendment

A

The Thirteenth Amendment ended the long-standing conflicts between slaveholding and non-slaveholding states by abolishing and prohibiting slavery and involuntary servitude across the United States.

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2
Q

14th

A

The Fourteenth Amendment ensured the national and state citizenships of former slaves, prevented states from discriminating against citizens of other states, implied a right to travel, extended due process requirements to states, and promised equal protection under the law.

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3
Q

15th

A

prohibits the federal government and each state from denying or abridging a citizen’s right to vote “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

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4
Q

19th

A

women can vote

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5
Q

24th

A

abolition of poll tax

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6
Q

26th

A

lowers voting age from 21 to 18

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7
Q

American Indian Movement (AIM)

A

occupied Wounded Knee,
South Dakota, demanding the federal government honor past treaties in
which it failed to perform its obligations. The 71-day armed standoff
with federal law enforcement killed two people and injured fifteen.

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8
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act

A

Act of 1990
– prohibits discrimination in employment
– requires physical access to public building & public
services

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9
Q

civil Rights Act of 1866

A

guaranteed right to purchase or lease property

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10
Q

civil Rights Act of 1871

A

persons acting under authority of state law, cannot deprive another person of rights protected by the constitution or federal law

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11
Q

civil Rights Act of 1875

A

prohibited segregation in privately owned
businesses and facilitie

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12
Q

civil Rights Act of 1957

A

created Civil Rights Division in the Justice Dept
– created U.S. Civil Rights Commission
– largely symbolic, lacked enforcement powers

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13
Q

civil Rights Act of 1964

A

cannot discriminate or segregate in any public accommodations affecting interstate commerce on race, color, religion or national origin

– banned discrimination in all federal programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance

– employers and labor unions cannot discriminate on race, color, religion, sex or national origin

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14
Q

civil Rights Act of 1968

A

Fair Housing Act
– bans discrimination in advertising, financing, sale or rental of housing based on race, religion, national origin, sex (1974 amendment), handicapped and families with children (1988 amendment)

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15
Q

Compromise of 1877

A

informal agreement between southern Democrats and allies of the Republican Rutherford Hayes to settle the result of the 1876 presidential election and marked the end of the Reconstruction era.

GOP retains White House but agrees to end Southern reconstruction

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16
Q

equal protection clause

A

all persons born in the U. S. are citizens
– states cannot deprive any person of “life, liberty, or property without due process of law”
– states may not “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws”

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17
Q

hate crime

A

the Matthew Shepard Act, in 2009 made it a federal hate crime to attack someone based on gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, or disability and made it easier for federal, state, and local authorities to investigate hate crimes, but it has not necessarily made the world safer for LGBTQ Americans.

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18
Q

LULAC(League of United Latin American Citizens)

A

Corpus Christi, TX in 1929, to protest against discrimination and to fight for greater rights for Latinos.

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19
Q

Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-1956

A

After Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a White person and was arrested, a group of Black women carried out a day-long boycott of Montgomery’s public transit system. This boycott was then extended for over a year and overseen by union organizer E. D. Nixon. The effort desegregated public transportation in that city.

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20
Q

Reconstruction

A

the period from 1865 to 1877 during which the governments of Confederate states were reorganized prior to being readmitted to the Union

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21
Q

Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention 1848 New York

A

Stanton wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which was modeled after the Declaration of Independence and proclaimed women were equal to men and deserved the same rights. Among the rights Stanton wished to see granted to women was suffrage, the right to vote.

22
Q

separate but equal doctrine

A

They passed laws that excluded African Americans from juries and allowed the imprisonment and forced labor of “idle” Black citizens. The laws also called for segregation of White and Black people in public places under the doctrine known as “separate but equal.” As long as nominally equal facilities were provided for both races, it was legal to require members of each race to use the facilities designated for them. Similarly, state and local governments passed laws limiting neighborhoods in which Black and White people could live.

23
Q

Stonewall Inn

A

In June 1969, gay men, lesbians, and transgender people erupted in violence when New York City police attempted to arrest customers at a gay bar in Greenwich Village called the Stonewall Inn. The patrons’ ability to resist arrest and fend off the police inspired many members of New York’s LGBTQ community, and the riots persisted over several nights.

24
Q

Trail of Tears

A

Between 1831 and 1838, members of several southern tribes, including the Cherokees, were forced by the U.S. Army to move west along routes shown in Figure 5.15. The forced removal of the Cherokees to Oklahoma Territory, which had been set aside for settlement by displaced tribes and designated Indian Territory, resulted in the death of one-quarter of the tribe’s population.102 The Cherokees remember this journey as the Trail of Tears.

25
Q

Northwest Ordinance 1787

A

Under the ordinance, slavery was forever outlawed from the lands of the Northwest Territory, freedom of religion and other civil liberties were guaranteed, the resident Indians were promised decent treatment, and education was provided for

indian “lands and property shall never be taken from
them without their consent”

26
Q

trade and Intercourse Act 1790

A

Indian land can only be taken by treaty

27
Q

Dawes Act 1887

A

promoted assimilation (farming rather than hunting-gathering, use of English rather than native languages)

28
Q

General Allotment Act 1887

A

allotment of reservation land to individual Indians with “surplus” lands made available for whites

29
Q

Citizens Act 1924

A

Indians recognized as U.S. citizens

30
Q

Indian Reorganization Act

A

tribal governments legalized and assimilation efforts greatly scaled back

31
Q

Indian Self-Determination and Education
Assistance Act (1975)

A

allows creation of tribal colleges

32
Q

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988)

A

legalized gambling operations (to the extent allowed under state law) on tribal land
* some Indian tribes with land close to major urban areas now generate significant revenue from gambling

33
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

A

prohibits discrimination in employment
– requires physical access to public building & public services

34
Q

Education of Handicapped Children Act of 1975

A

requires free public education for disabled children

35
Q

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A

which aims to guarantee equal rights regardless of sex—have failed because they cannot garner sufficient consent among members of Congress or, in the case of the ERA, the states. The ERA appeared to gain new life in 2020 as a thirty-eighth state (Virginia) formally voted to ratify the amendment.

36
Q

Jim Crow laws

A

laws sought to disenfranchise minorities, especially African-Americans

Literacy tests, understanding test, poll taxes, white-only primaries

37
Q

MALDEF (Mexican American Legal Defense and
Educational Fund)

A

$2.2 million start-up grant from the Ford Foundation
– focus is legal challenges in the area of education, employment, and voting
* Edgewood ISD v. Kirby (1989) – Texas Supreme Court ruled public school funding system unconstitutional

38
Q

NAACP (National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People) 1909

A

adopts strategy to challenge segregation through the courts (political litigation)

they could either integrate institutions of higher education, or they could establish an equivalent university or college for African Americans.

39
Q

same-sex marriage

A

In 2015, the Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage across the United States.

celebrate outside the Supreme Court on June 26, 2015, following the announcement of the Court’s decision in Obergefell v. Hodges
declaring same-sex marriage a constitutional right under the Fourteenth Amendment.

40
Q

segregation (de facto and de jure)

A

de facto segregation-segregation that results from the private choices of individuals

de jure-segregation that results from government discrimination

41
Q

SCLC

A

use of direct action campaigns relying on marches and demonstrations. The strategies of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience

1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott marks origins of what eventually becomes the SCLC
– adopts strategy of nonviolent mass action

42
Q

title ix

A

(of Education Amendments of 1972)
prohibits gender discrimination in schools
receiving federal funds
– greatly expands opportunities for females to
participate in athletics
* fewer than 300,000 in high school before Title IX, now
more than 3 million
* fewer than 32,000 in college before Title IX, now more
than 191,000 play in NCAA sanctioned sports

43
Q

Voting Rights Act 1965

A

reauthorized in 1970, 1975, 1982, and 2006
– requires bilingual ballots
– Section 4 requiring “preclearance” of election
law changes for some jurisdictions (Texas was
one of them) invalidated by the U.S. Supreme
Court in the case of Shelby County v. Holder
(2013)
* Supreme Court said congress needs to update criteria
in Section 4, House & Senate have not agreed on fix

44
Q

Which president signed the Americans with disabilities act?

A

George H.W Bush

45
Q

The civil rights act of 1968 primarily concerned with discrimination in what area of society?

A

housing

46
Q

An important advance meant for women, prohibiting gender discrimination in the work place was that

A

civil rights act of 1964

47
Q

Supreme Court case establishing the separate but equal doctrine allowing racial segregation was

A

Plessy vs Ferguson 1896

48
Q

Supreme Court case overturning the precedent of the separate but equal doctrine was

A

Brown v board of education 1954

49
Q

In 1957 president Eisenhower used US military troops to enforce a court order to desegregate a high school in

A

Arkansas

50
Q

the trail of tears is the name given to the forced removal of several tribes, including the

A

Choctaw

Federal Government (3 decks)

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