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Psychology of Gender > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sexual Script

A
  • Provocative
  • Reactive
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2
Q

Provocative

A
  • The person that is making the moves
  • Trying to initiate sexual activity
  • Usually the men
  • Assertive
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3
Q

Reactive

A
  • Respond to the person that is being provocative
  • reaction
  • Usually women
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4
Q

Has this changed (sexual scripts)

A
  • Little change
  • There is online dating now
  • Women are more likely to ask out men
  • still most of the time men are provocative
  • 51 hours of tv, heterosexuality script were portrayed 662 times
  • For men, traditional “player” script and metal sexual pleasure script
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5
Q

Casual sex

A
  • 20% of college students report at least one “hook up” in the last year
  • 40% of 22 year olds reported having casual partner recently
  • depends on how you word having sexual relations with someone
  • Men are more accepting of sex than women
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6
Q

Sexual double standard

A
  • it is okay for men to have casual sex but not women
  • comparable sex behaviors like threesomes, too many sex partners
  • women can be slut shammed for having casual sex
  • slut shaming: bullying girls on the way they look, dress, and their presumed level of sexual activity. judged for being promiscuous or sexually provocative. engagement in sexual behaviors
  • women tend to endorse more monogamy than men
  • 99% of male and female college students want to be monogamous at some point
  • 57% of college women and 54% of college men are currently
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7
Q

Sexual socialization

A
  • The process of learning about sexuality
    -How do we learn these scripts? Who are the primary agents of sexual socialization? Media, movies, tv- shows, parents and families, news, celebrities
  • Uncomfortable moms: give you the sex talk, don’t feel comfortable doing it. They may answer questions, but don’t initiate discussions
  • Girls responsibility for avoiding and/ or controlling sexual encounters. Girls must be the controllers
  • learning about sex from parents rather than the media is linked to sex at a later age
  • Sex risk taking behavior is higher when sex is learned from the media
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8
Q

Parents (Sexual socialization)

A
  • Sexual socialization: the process of learning about sexuality
  • Parents talks to their young children about their body parts, romantic, and sexual relationships
  • Parents are often uncomfortable talking to their kids about sex
  • They are not sure how much information to give or when
  • parents are less likely to initiate in discussions about sex and sexuality, they may answer questions when asked
  • Mothers tend to be the ones that inform their kids about sex education
  • Girls are told that they are responsible for avoiding or controlling sexual encounters and the consequences of sexual intercourse
  • Mothers rarely talk about the pleasure and the positive side of sex
  • learning about sex from parents rather than media is linked to sex at a later age
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9
Q

Peers

A
  • Many parents don’t actually talk about sexuality with children
  • girls and young women rank peers as a more important source of information about sex than their parents
  • female peers helped to promote “smart sex”, learning about contraceptive use and devising plans to avoid “players” and to manage their sexual reputations
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10
Q

Scripts

A
  • Abstinence Script
  • Urgency script
  • Management script
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11
Q

Abstinence Script

A

put absence on a pedestal. It’s a big deal for a guy to conquer a virgin
- virginity loss should be delayed

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12
Q

Urgency script

A

Virginity is a stigma that must be shed in order to maintain or gain status among peers

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13
Q

Management script

A
  • manage the risks of sex
  • up to women manage the men
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14
Q

The Media

A
  • major source of information
  • informs individuals about what constitutes acceptable sexual behaviors
  • media contributes to sexual scripts
  • sexual risk taking is higher among girls who report learning about sex mainly from the media and peers than from parent or family
  • Sexual scripts portrayed about virgins on the media: negatively, shy, introverted, virgin boys are bullied by their peers, etc.
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15
Q

School- Based Sex Education

A
  • Comprehensive Sex Education
  • Abstinence- Plus Education
  • Abstinence Only
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16
Q

Comprehensive Sex education

A
  • sex and sexuality are seen as positive and healthy components of life
  • covers abstinence but not the primary focus
  • focuses on healthy choices and sex lives
  • sexuality holistically, as a part of young people’s emotional and social development.
  • 14% offered comprehensive approach
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17
Q

Abstinence Only

A
  • abstinence only as the only right choice
  • often developed by religious groups
  • little information about contraception or only indicate that contraception is not effective at preventing pregnancy and or/ STI transmission
  • only 2% of school based programs were abstinence only in the 1980, 35% in the late 1990s, 51% abstinence as the preferred means of contraception
  • 35% mandated abstinence only approach
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18
Q

Abstinence- Plus sex education

A
  • still promotes abstinence as the most effective way to prevent pregnancy and disease
  • also includes information about contraception and strategies for safer sex practices
  • 51% assistance plus
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19
Q

Empirical Research

A
  • Abstinence- Only programs do not delay initiation of sex
  • Teens who have comprehensive sex education were less likely to report pregnancy then abstinence- only sex ed
  • sex ed that emphasizes contraception reduces risk of STI compared compared to abstinence- only
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20
Q

Gender Segregation (during childhood)

A
  • boys like to play with boys and girls like to play with girls
  • Appears at the age of 3 years
  • peaks at about the ages of 8-11
  • children’s preferences are stronger than adults
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21
Q

Why Gender segregation?

A
  • Type of Play
  • Cognitively
  • Different Interest
  • Influence
  • Communication styles
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22
Q

Type of Play

A
  • Girls withdraw from boys rough and tumble play, this shows dominance and competitiveness
  • girls tend to do more dramatic play with story telling
  • Boys tend to play fight and chase other boys, girls do not like this
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23
Q

Cognitively

A

Motivated to learn gender identity
- want to figure out what it is to be a boy or girl

24
Q

Different Interests

A

Boys and girls like different things, different toys or activities

25
Q

Influence

A
  • Boys ignore what girls say to them and girls become passive and unresponsible
  • Girls will use their elementary school teacher as their influence
  • Boys don’t want to hangout with girls because they not assertive
26
Q

Communication styles

A

Communal: warm, friendly, concern with others, and emotionally expressive. Girls
Ex: Don’t you think we should do that
- Boys are more likely to be assertive, controlling and directive

27
Q

Other sex peers- Border Work (Thorne)

A
  • Invisible board between boys and girls that they cross
  • Boys receive more negative sanctions for other sex interactions than girls
  • 93% of children have at least one other sex friend
  • Primary other sex friends: mainly have friends of the other sex
  • Secondary other sex friend: have a friend of the other sex
28
Q

Same sex friendships: Adolescence and Adulthood

A

-Girls have more intimate, helpful, nurturing, trusting friendships that boys do

29
Q

Self- disclosure

A
  • When asking a teenage boy and men they self disclose to girls, sisters, girlfriend, friends that are females
  • Boy friendships revolve around shared activities and interests
  • Men choose to do activities togethere instead of just talking
30
Q

Other sex friendships: Adolescence and Adulthood

A
  • Females can be tom boys. can be known as “one of the guys”
  • men show intimacy and self disclosure with female friends
31
Q

Are men from mars and women from Venus

A
  • Maximalist perspective
  • different cultured in childhood may lead to difficulties relating to other sex when involved in romantic relationships later in life
  • Men and women communicate differently
  • communication difficulties
32
Q

Communication differences

A

Tentative speech
Interaction work
Tag question
Interrupting
Body language

33
Q

Tentative speech

A
  • not being assertive or sure of yourself
  • polite
  • unconfident
  • powerless
  • hesitations
34
Q

Interaction work

A
  • verbal and non verbal work that people need to put into having a conversation
  • women are likely to do this
  • Ex: Saying yeah, nodding, eye contact
  • men are not taught this which causes girls to think that men are not listening because they are not doing interaction works
35
Q

Tag questions

A
  • Women tend to put a question at the end of what they are saying
  • women are told they need to be more Collaborative
  • some people are taught to be people pleaser
36
Q

Interrupting

A
  • women are interrupted more than men
  • Between 2004-2015, female U.S. Supreme Court justices were 3 times more likely to be interuppted than their male counterparts
  • it does not matter if you are an authority figure
37
Q

Body language

A
  • smiling, women do more than men. Women are asked more to smile than men
  • space, women are told to take little space and men are told to get all of the space
  • women need to be care giver, severs
  • women are more likely to engage in lower status non verbal behavior while men are likely to engage in higher status non verbal behavior
38
Q

Choosing a romantic partner

A
  • Male: look for mutual attraction and love, but also look for good looking individuals
  • Women: look for mutual attraction and love but also ambition and industrious (Hardworking, provider)
39
Q

Physical Attractiveness

A

Social desirability: women may downplay, but it is probably as important to women as to men

40
Q

Matching phenomena

A

How you match with your partner on level of attractiveness

41
Q

Similarity- Do birds of a feather flock togethere?

A
  • Yes this is true
  • Why is similarity important? Familiarity, beliefs, we tend to feel better when people agree with us and it protects out self esteem, and you are likely to meet more people that are similar to you than different
42
Q

Do opposites attract?

A

Yes but they don’t last
- complementary
- sometimes you can compliment

43
Q

Sex differences in Mate preference

A
  • men put more emphasis on physical appearance
  • women put more emphasis on financial resources
44
Q

Evolutionary perspective

A

Men
- men can have as many kids as they want
- short term matting strategies (flings, hook- ups)
Women
- women want a man that can provide
- long term and stable mates
- women work less, make less money

45
Q

Sex difference in Jealousy

A
  • men are more distressed when imaging their partner having sexual intercourse with someone else
  • women are more distressed when imaging their partner being emotionally involved with someone else
46
Q

Sex difference for variety

A

Men
- 2 in a month, 8 in a couple of years, 18 in their lifetime
Women
- 1 in a month, 4 or 5 in their lifetimes

47
Q

Clark and Hatfield (1989)

A
  • 9 participants that were moderately attractive, Heterosexual
    Women
  • 56% said that they would go out, 6% said yes to apartment visit, 0% said yes to sex
    Men
  • 50% said they would go out, 69% said yes to apartment visit, 75% said yes to sex
48
Q

The second shift and housework

A
  • women perform twice as much household work as men
  • Types of house work include cooking, cleaning, laundry,
  • men do yard work, repairs , cars, finances
  • women do double the work men do
49
Q

Romance

A
  • men need to do the shilvery, big romantic gesture
  • men hold more traditional beliefs and are more romantic than women
  • Love last forever, there is one perfect low in the world for me, men more likely to endorse it
  • men are 3 times more likely to say I love you first
  • media’s myth that women can change a men
50
Q

Marriage

A
  • very beneficial, more for men than women
  • social support
  • financial support, women are more likely to work part time
  • married couples earn more on avg
  • live longer, men particularly , women are more likely to make the men go to the doctor
  • taxes and health benefits
  • happiness
  • rates of marriage have declined since 1970s. People are waiting and you don’t have to be married to have kids
51
Q

Couple conflict Neff and Harter (2002)

A
  • compromising was the most frequent strategy used
  • men say they let women have their way because of genuine feelings for them
  • women let men have their way to avoid conflict
  • women say that ex- husbands did not talk and share feelings
  • men say that their ex- wife did not give emotional support (physical affection)
  • women are more likely to initiate a break
  • divorce rates have doubled between 1960 and 1980, but decline in 1990s
52
Q

The Myth of the Maternal Instinct

A

Maternal instinct: Gene, hormone, biological, nurture, Biology. Knows how to take care of the baby
- Traced to Darwin (1872), still remains a myth today with men more likely to believe than women

53
Q

Harlow’s (1959-1971) Attachment Studies

A
  • Took baby monkey away from it’s mother
  • wanted to know if the baby attached to the mother because of comfort or milk (food)?
  • Baby monkeys preferred contact with cloth surrogate mother over wire mother that had the bottle
  • Does having a wire mother affect being a good mother?
  • Maternal deprivation had permanent effects on social behaviors
  • when isolated females became mother, they were neglectful and abusive
54
Q

Gender differences in nurturing behavior

A
  • Girls show more interest in nurturance toward babies by the age of 3. Girls dolls or babies
  • Boys tend to care and nurture pets. Boys stuff animals
  • Fathers have tripled the time they spend in child care since 1965
  • fathers spend more time with their children when mothers work
  • Because of COVID-19 many moms stayed at home to take care of the kids and help them with school
  • Moms are more likely to provide care (bath time, laundry, cooking) while dads are more likely to be playmates
  • women spend more time multitasking, more physical labor, have more rigid time table, and more time alone with the child
55
Q

Maternal gatekeeping

A
  • mothers limit the extent of father’s involvement in childcare
  • don’t let dads help, want things to be right. If it’s not done there way, they rather just do it.
  • mom’s saying they are the best care providers
  • women still provide majority of childcare in families
  • women in the U.S. are expected to do 63% of childcare and end up doing 73%

Psychology of Gender (2 decks)

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