EXAM 3

Question 1

1. What type of capillaries are found in the spleen?
   a. Fenestrated
   b. Continuous
   c. Sinusoid
   d. None of the above

Answer 1

c. Sinusoid

Question 2

2. The layer containing endothelium on blood vessels is called:
   a. Tunica externa
   b. Tunica media
   c. Tunica interna
   d. Tunica visceral

Answer 2

c. Tunica interna

Question 3

3. Veins compared to arteries are (select all that apply):
   a. Smaller lumen
   b. Larger lumen
   c. Have valves
   d. Contains elastic element
   e. Lacks muscular layer
   f. Thicker walled

Answer 3

b. Larger lumen
c. Have valves

Question 4

4. A nurse has been standing on his feet all day long during his 12 hours shift. If his hydrostatic pressure on the venous end of the leg capillaries is 35 mm Hg and his colloid osmotic pressure 25 mm HG, what would the net pressure be and what would that due?
   a. -10 mm Hg, increased filtration causes edema
   b. +10 mm Hg, increased filtration causes edema
   c. +10 mm Hg, increased absorption causes edema
   d. -10 mm Hg, increased absorption causes edema

Answer 4

b. +10 mm Hg, increased filtration causes edema

Question 5

5. Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
   a. Drain interstitial fluid
   b. Transport of hormones throughout the body
   c. Protection against invaders
   d. Transport of dietary lipids

Answer 5

b. Transport of hormones throughout the body

Question 6

6. (True/False) Swollen lymph nodes are the result of increased number of lymphocytes present in germinal centers in response to bacterial or viral invasion or cancer.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

7. The three types of tonsils include:
   a. palantine, pharyngeal, lingual
   b. lingual, mandibular, palantine
   c. pharyngeal, nasal, lingual
   d. none of the above are correct

Answer 7

a. palatine, pharyngeal, lingual

Question 8

8. Which of the following is NOT true of the lymphatic system:
   a. lymph vessels pick up fluid leaving the cardiovascular system because they have a lower pressure
   b. The smooth muscle around the vessels moves lymph through the body
   c. vessels are extremely impermeable to pathogens, proteins, and cell debris to keep the body safe
   d. Respiratory pumps help bring fluid to the superior portion of the body
   e. all of the above are true

Answer 8

c. vessels are extremely impermeable to pathogens, proteins, and cell debris to keep the body safe

Question 9

9. Which is true about Lymph nodes:
   a. Germinal centers contain macrophages and lymphocytes to fight infection
   b. There are typically more efferent vessels than afferent vessels associated with the lymph nodes
   c. The afferent vessel exits from the hilum
   d. Trabeculae split the lymph node into nodules
   e. Two of the above

Answer 9

a. Germinal centers contain macrophages and lymphocytes to fight infection
d. Trabeculae split the lymph node into nodules
e. Two of the above

Question 10

10. Some functions of the spleen include:
    a. destruction of red blood cells
    b. filtration of blood
    c. secretion of epinephrine
    d. a and b
    e. all of the above

Answer 10

d. a and b

Question 11

11. Which of the following is not an area in which lymph nodes are concentrated?
    a. Mesenteric
    b. Popliteal
    c. Axillary
    d. Inguinal
    e. Cervical
    f. All of the above

Answer 11

f. All of the above

Question 12

12. Carbonic anhydrase (CAH) is an enzyme
    a. That is located in the erythrocyte
    b. that converts carbonic acid (H2CO3) into water and CO2
    c. that is necessary for glycolysis
    d. a and b
    e. all of the above

Answer 12

a. That is located in the erythrocyte
b. that converts carbonic acid (H2CO3) into water and CO2
d. a and b

Question 13

13. Which of the following is the correct flow of air?
    a. Main bronchi, larynx, respiratory bronchioles, trachea, alveoli, pharynx
    b. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli
    c. larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles, alveoli
    d. nasal cavity, larynx, bronchi, terminal bronchioles, pharynx, alveoli,
    e. trachea, alveoli, nasal cavity, respiratory bronchioles, pharynx, bronchi

Answer 13

b. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli

Question 14

14. When muscles begin to do heavy work, there is a resultant increase in CO2, heat, and H+. These conditions will cause _________.
    a. A left shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
    b. oxygen to unload more readily from the hemoglobin heme sites
    c. none of the above
    d. all of the above

Answer 14

b. oxygen to unload more readily from the hemoglobin heme sites

Question 15

15. Which of the following is a muscle involved in inspiration?
    a. Internal intercostals
    b. External intercostals
    c. abdominal obliques
    d. Rectus abdominus
    e. All of the above

Answer 15

b. External intercostals

Question 16

16. The respiratory zone is made up of the:
    a. terminal bronchioles, alveolar sac, alveoli, alveolar duct
    b. alveoli, alveolar duct, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sac
    c. tertiary bronchi, alveoli, alveolar sac, trachea
    d. oropharynx, respiratory bronchiole, alveoli, alveolar sac

Answer 16

b. alveoli, alveolar duct, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sac

Question 17

17. Makes up the air-blood barrier

Answer 17

Respiratory membrane

Question 18

18. Carries oxygen bound to hemoglobin throughout the body

Answer 18

Erythrocytes

Question 19

19. Results from pressure differences at the lungs

Answer 19

Ventilation

Question 20

20. Clean up dust and debris inhaled

Answer 20

Alveolar macrophages

Question 21

21. Connects neighboring alveoli

Answer 21

Alveolar pores

Question 22

22. Facilitate diffusion of gases

Answer 22

Alveoli

Question 23

23. Increases the surface area for diffusion

Answer 23

Alveoli

Question 24

24. Secretes surfactant

Answer 24

Type II Alveolar cells

Question 25

25. Your vital capacity is 2 L. Tidal volume is 400 mL, your residual volume is 200 mL, and your expiratory reserve volume is 700 mL. What is your Inspiratory reserve Volume?
    a. 300 mL
    b. 1.1 L
    c. 900 mL
    d. 1.6 L

Answer 25

c. 900 mL

2000mL – (400mL+700mL)=900mL

Question 26

26. What is the purpose of surfactant in the lungs?
    a. Prevent the alveolar walls from collapsing and sticking together.
    b. Prevent dust particles from diffusing across the alveolar wall.
    c. Increase diffusion of gasses across the alveolar wall.
    d. Phagocytize dust particles that enter the alveolus.

Answer 26

a. Prevent the alveolar walls from collapsing and sticking together.

Question 27

27. Air flows into the lungs when the pressure in the alveoli
    a. drops lower than the atmospheric pressure
    b. rises greater than the atmospheric pressure
    c. is equal to the atmospheric pressure
    d. is equal to pressure in the thoracic cavity
    e. none of the above are correct

Answer 27

a. drops lower than the atmospheric pressure

Question 28

28. From your tidal volume you inhale as much air as possible, this volume is referred to as the
    a. inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
    b. expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
    c. tidal volume
    d. residual volume
    e. maximum reserve volume

Answer 28

a. inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Question 29

29. Which of the following does not contribute to rapid gas exchange at the alveolus?
    a. Diffusion distance is short
    b. Surface area for exchange is large
    c. the lining of alveoli is simple squamous tissue
    d. All of the above facilitate rapid gas exchange

Answer 29

d. All of the above facilitate rapid gas exchange

Question 30

30. What is the cause of air entering the lungs during ventilation?
    a. Contraction of the diaphragm
    b. Increased volume in the thoracic region
    c. Air movement from a relatively high pressure to a relatively lower pressure
    d. All of these are correct

Answer 30

d. All of these are correct

Question 31

31. The total atmospheric pressure at Venice Beach, CA is 760 mmHg. Nitrogen is 78% of the air composition. What is the partial pressure of Nitrogen at Venice Beach?
    a. 474 mmHg
    b. 592 mmHg
    c. 126 mmHg
    d. 760 mmHg
    e. Not enough information is given

Answer 31

b. 592 mmHg

760*0.78=592 mmHg Equations will be given on exam

Question 32

32. Which is not a way oxygen is transported in the blood?
    a. Dissolved in the Plasma
    b. Bound to Hemoglobin
    c. Bound to Albumin
    d. All of these transport oxygen

Answer 32

c. Bound to Albumin

Question 33

Where would you expect the systemic PCO2 to be the highest?
a. Venules
b. Arterioles
c. Pulmonary Vein
d. Left Atrium

Answer 33

a. Venules

Question 34

34. From your tidal volume you inhale as much air as is possible then forcefully exhale as much air as possible. This change in lung volume is referred to as the _____.
    a. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
    b. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
    c. Vital capacity
    d. Total lung volume
    e. Functional residual capacity

Answer 34

c. Vital capacity

Question 35

35. When the diaphragm relaxes, volume in the thoracic cavity __________ and pressure in the thoracic cavity _____________.
    a. Increases, increases
    b. Increases, decreases
    c. Decreases, decreases
    d. Decreases, increases

Answer 35

d. Decreases, increases

Question 36

36. Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood plasma
    a. as dissolved gas and H2CO3
    b. bound to hemoglobin, as dissolved gas, and bicarbonate ions
    c. as dissolved gas and HCO3-
    d. only as bicarbonate ions
    e. only as dissolved gas

Answer 36

b. bound to hemoglobin, as dissolved gas, and bicarbonate ions

Question 37

37. An increase in PH at the tissues leads to a _______ shift of the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve
    a. right
    b. left
    c. upward
    d. downward

Answer 37

b. left

Question 38

39. A decrease in pH at the tissue causes the curve to shift to the ______.
    a. left
    b. right
    c. the curve does not shift in response to pH

Answer 38

b. right

Question 39

40. (True/False) If this curve were shifted to the right, it would make it more difficult for oxygen to unload from hemoglobin.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

41. Hyperventilation:
    a. can cause dizziness, headache, chest pain, fainting etc.
    b. is breathing too little/ slow leading to decreased oxygen levels in the blood
    c. leads to a decrease in pH because of increased CO2
    d. can actually be helped by breathing into a paper bag because this would help increase the amount of CO2 present in the body
    e. two of the above

Answer 40

a. can cause dizziness, headache, chest pain, fainting etc.

d. can actually be helped by breathing into a paper bag because this would help increase the amount of CO2 present in the body

e. two of the above

Question 41

42. (True/False) The length of blood vessels is continually changing on a daily basis. When length increases, resistance increases and as length decreases, resistance decreases.

Answer 41

False

Question 42

Isabella was having lots of fun her fall semester until she got ‘frat flu’ while out. The ‘frat flu’ developed into pneumonia. What portion of her respiratory tract is affected? What tissues are present in that area? And what functions are at risk?

Answer 42

The portion of the respiratory tract that is affected is the alveoli, which is made up of simple squamous epithelial tissue. The function that would be affected would be oxygen exchange, making it harder to breathe.

Question 43

Bryce is living the vape life, which he thought was his best life until he got chronic bronchitis. What area of the respiratory tract does bronchitis effect and what tissues are present there? How would vaping make him more susceptible to bronchitis?

Answer 43

Bronchitis affects the bronchi, which are made up of smooth muscle tissue. Vaping would make him more susceptible to bronchitis due to vaping gradually “wearing away” the smooth muscle tissue in the bronchi.

Question 44

Addy suffers from asthma which can be provoked from stress or exercise. Why would stress and exercise provoke asthma? What exactly is occurring during an asthma attack? And how can it be treated?

Answer 44

During stress and exercise, you tend to breathe at a harder and faster pace. This can induce an asthma attack due to your respiratory system being overstimulated resulting in the narrowing of the bronchioles due to the respiratory muscles contracting resulting in swelling. In order to counteract this, a bronchodilator is used.

Question 45

COVID-19 begins typically in the upper respiratory tract but severe cases can enter into the lower respiratory tract. Name the anatomical features in both the upper and lower.

Answer 45

Upper respiratory tract: Mouth, nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
Lower respiratory tract: Trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 46

Maurice ate some questionable left over pasta. A few hours later he experiences the worst food poisoning of his life, vomiting repeatedly for over 12 hours. During vomiting he is losing a massive amount of stomach acid throwing off his acid/base balance into metabolic alkalosis. How would the respiratory system compensate for this alkalosis?

Answer 46

The respiratory system would respond by counteracting hyperventilation caused by alkalosis through a negative feedback system in which chemoreceptors respond to an increase in oxygen and a return to normal ventilation.

Question 47

Adonna is an avid yogini. She wakes up every morning to practice pranayama, depending on her energy levels she will use different breathing methods. Today she was a bit stressed so she did very slow deep breathing. What branch of the autonomic nervous system was she activating? What muscles would be used for this controlled deep breathing?

Answer 47

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is activated are the chemoreceptors. The muscles used to control this deep breathing are the diaphragm, the external and internal intercostal muscles, the abdominal muscles, and the scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles.