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BIO 130 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Are Latter Day Saints creationalist?

A

No

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2
Q

What do creationalist believe?

A

Ex nihilo creation
Bible literalism
Only bible
Bible as a comprehensive source

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3
Q

Define Biological Evolution

A

Change in allele frequencies over time in a population

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4
Q

Is evolution a fact? True or false

A

True: evolution is observable

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5
Q

Is evolution a theory? True or false

A

True: Best explanation for how life has developed

Lots of facts to back up the theory

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6
Q

What is the hardy weinberg equation?

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

p + q = 1

p = Dominate allel frequency
q = Recessive allele frequency

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7
Q

What is the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium model?

A

Allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant between generations

In absence of evolutionary influences

Null hypothesis

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8
Q

Mechanisms of Evolution/Hardy Weinberg assumptions

A

Non random mating
Mutation
Migration
Genetic drift: bottleneck and founder
Natural selection

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9
Q

Evidences for Evolution

A

Homologous structures
Fossils: law of superposition
Extinction
Universal Genetic code
Vestigial structures
Embryonic development
Phylogenetic

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10
Q

Common evolution misunderstandings

A

The environment does not cause mutations

Evolution is not a quest for perfection

Evolution is not always a result of increased complexity and not always the most parsimonious

Organisms don’t do things for the good of the species

Populations evolve not individuals

Some traits are neutral in effect

Behaviors aren’t heritable unless they change your genetics

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11
Q

Define Non-random mating

A

Species looking for favorable traits

Organisms within a species with the desireable traits are more likely to reproduce

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12
Q

Define Sexual Dimorphism

A

Physical differences between males and females

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13
Q

Sexual Reproduction vs. Asexual Reproduction

A

Sexual: More genetic variety, slower, more energy required, less offspring

Asexual: Less genetic variety

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14
Q

What is Bateman’s Principle?

A

The sex with the greatest parental investment should be choosy (quality)

The sex with the least parental investment should be as promiscuous as possible and compete for mates (quantity)

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15
Q

Define evolution by mutation

A

Mutation: A change in the DNA/hereditary material

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16
Q

Define Migration (gene flow)

A

Migration: Movement of alleles between populations

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17
Q

Define Genetic Drift

A

Genetic Drift: Alle frequencies change over generations due to chance (random events)

Occurs in any population size (small populations get affected the most)

2 Types
- Bottleneck
- Founder

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18
Q

Define Genetic Bottleneck

A

Random event causes a certain part of the population to be reduced.

Ex: red and blue bugs, but some event causes only a few blue bugs to survive. From then on there are only blue bugs to reproduce and repopulate

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19
Q

Define Found effect

A

Small portion of the population seperate from the orginal and create their own population

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20
Q

Define Natural Selection

A

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment arre more likely to survive and reproduce

Brought by Charles Darwin and is believed to be the main process that brings about evolution

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21
Q

True or False: Selecting factors cause mutations to occur

A

FALSE

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22
Q

True or False: Populations can change in the frequency of mutations (populations can evolve)

A

TRUE

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23
Q

True or False: Individuals evolve

A

FALSE

24
Q

What are the 3 requirements for natural selection?

A
  1. Hertiable variation must exist (mutations)
  2. Variation must be inherited
  3. Some variants survive/ reproduce more frequently
    (Limiting factors, biotic potential, changing enviornments)
25
Q

What are the 3 types of Natural selection?

A
  1. Directional: Freqency of alleles moves to one end of the spectrum
  2. Disruptive: Allele extremes (which used to be more common) are decreased and a middle range is present
  3. Stabilizing: Current Allele frequency becomes more prominent

(Search for visuals if needed)

26
Q

Define Artificial Selection

A

Evolutionary changes caused by humans

27
Q

Define Speciation

A

Creation of Species

28
Q

Define Morphological Species

A

Do organisms look the same

+ Easy to use
+ Good for fossils

  • Females and Males might look different
  • May not be reproductively compatible
29
Q

Define Biological Species

A

Potential to interbreed

+ Easy to test

  • What if the two organisms would never come in contact in the natural world
  • Can’t use on fossils
  • Can’t use for Asexual species (bacteria)
30
Q

What are pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms?

A

Mechanisms that keep species from mating

  • Behavior barrier
  • Incompatible sex organs (Mechanical isolation)
  • Timing of breeding seasons (temporal isolation)
  • Distinction in habitats (habitat isolation)
  • Incompatible sperm and egg (gametic isolation)
31
Q

What are some post-zygotic barriers?

A
  • Offspring are less fit or likely to die (hybrid low viability)
  • Offspring are sterile (hybrid sterility)

Ex: Mules (Horse and donkey)

32
Q

Define Phylogenetic Species

A

DNA sequences are similar

+ Most common method used today
+ Works for Asexual species

  • Can’t tell how long different mutations have been around
33
Q

Define Ecological Species

A

Use set of resources a species relies on to define them: food, water, space, nutrients, shelter, mates

+ Easy to define if collect enough observable evidence
+ Observable

  • Species may change their habitat or niche over life and development
  • Habitat might be dependent what on competiton is present
  • Species can overlap as well
34
Q

What is Allopatric speciation?

A

Speciation takes place due to a physical barrier between the populations

35
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Speciation due to timing of emergence and preference for mating grounds

36
Q

What animal is the closest to humans?

A

Chimpanzee

37
Q

Differences between Chimps and Humans

A

Jaw movement: side to side vs up and down
Mouth space: room for talking
Brain sits above brow ridge vs behind

38
Q

Why do people have 23 unique chromosomes while gorillas and chimps have 24?

A

It’s possible that humans technically still have the 24th but it was fused into another

39
Q

Where do we have the most Hominid Fossils?

A

Continent of Africa

40
Q

What common ancester do Neanderthals and Humans share?

A

Heidelbergensis

41
Q

Characteristics of Australopithecus Afarensis “Lucy”

A

Bipedal
Familial Grouping

42
Q

What mechanism of natural selection does finding fossils of hominids on islands show?

A

Genetic Drift

43
Q

Facts about Neanderthals

A

Existed 230,000 - 30,000 years ago
Brains: Larger than modern humans
Buried their dead
Hunted with weapons
Brutally hard lives: Lots of injuries
Some interbreeding with humans

44
Q

Facts about Sahelanthropus tchadensis

A

“Toumai”
Chimp-like posterior skill
Human like face

45
Q

Facts about aridpithecus radius

A

Known from teeth and upper arm bones
Found in Ethiopia

46
Q

Facts about Australopithecus anamnesis

A

Retangular dental arcade
Large canine teeth with diastema
Simian shelf prominent

47
Q

Facts about Australopithecus africans “Mrs. Pleas”

A

South Africa
Prognathic maxilla and lower jaw

48
Q

Homo habillis “handy man” vs. Homo rudolfensis

A

Species vs. sexual dimorphism

49
Q

Locations of Homo ergaster fossils

A

Koobi Fora in Africa
Dmanisi in Eastern Europe
Longgupo Cave in China
Mojokerto in Java

Genetic Drift

50
Q

What characteristic has had a huge role in human evolution?

A

Running

51
Q

6 pieces of Phylogentic Trees

A

Branch: Line representing species through time

Root: Most ancestral branch

Tip: Endpoint of a branch, living species

Outgroup: Species that null hypothesis, control species (o species)

Node (fork): point in the tree where a branch splits into two or more branches, most recent common ancestor

Polygamy: Node that depicts an ancestor branch diving into three or more rather than two decendant branches

52
Q

True or false: humans evolved from monkeys

A

FALSE

53
Q

True or false: Humans and monkeys share a common ancestor

A

TRUE

54
Q

What is covergent evolution

A

Species of very different evolutionary lines have similar traits

  • Birds and bats have wings, but birds vs. mammals
  • Sharks and dolphins: fish vs. mammmals
55
Q

Define monophyletic

A

Group of taxon/species that consists of
- Most recent common ancestor
- All the descendants

56
Q

Define Paraphyletic

A

Group of taxon/species that consist of most recent common ancestor and SOME of the descendants

57
Q

Define Polyphyletic

A

Group of taxon/species that consist of unrelated organsims who are from a diferent common ancestor

  • A group of species that have no common ancestor

BIO 130 (5 decks)

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