exam 3 Flashcards
Autotrophs
an organism able to build all the complex organic molecules that is requires as its own food source
heterotroph
an organism that cannot derive energy from photosynthesis or inorganic chemicals , and so must feed on other plants and animals, obtaining chemical energy by degrading their organic molecules
cellular respiration
the oxidation of organic compounds to extract energy from chemical bonds
dehydrogenation
chemical reaction that involves the loss of a hydrogen atom, electrons are removed, oxidation
hydrogenation
chemical reaction that involves the gain of a hydrogen atom, electrons are added, reduction
nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD⁺)
- cellular respiration molecules that becomes reduced to NADH as it carries high-energy electrons from oxidized molecules and delivers them to ATP-producing pathways in the cell
- acts as an electron acceptor/carrier
during each transfer of electrons
- energy is released
- energy may be captures and be used to make ATP or form other chemical bonds
- the rest is lost as heat
aerobic respiration
the process that results in the complete oxidation of glucose using oxygen as the final electron acceptor. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor for an electron transport chain that produces a proton gradient for the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP
- oxygen is the final electron acceptor
anaerobic respiration
the use of electron transport to generate a proton gradient for chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP using a final electron acceptor other than oxygen
- any inorganic molecule that is the final electron acceptor
fermentation
the enzyme-catalyzed extraction of energy from organic compounds without the involvement of oxygen
- any organic molecule that is the final electron acceptor
electron transport chain
the passage of energetic electrons through a series of membrane-associated electron-carrier molecules to proton pumps
- located in mitochondria inner membrane
synthesis of ATP (2 ways)
- substrate-level phosphorylation
- oxidative phosphorylation
substrate-level phosphorylation
ATP formed by transferring a phosphate group directly to ADP from a phosphate-bearing intermediate, or substrate
oxidative phosphorylation
ATP synthesized by the enzyme ATP synthase, using energy from a proton (H⁺) gradient.
glycolysis
the anaerobic breakdown of glucose this enzyme-catalyzed process yields two molecules of pyruvate with a net of two molecules of ATP
- occurs in the cytoplasm and converts glucose into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate.
- for each molecule of glucose that asses through this transformation, the cell nets two ATP molecules
