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Animal Physiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

muscle structure

A

functional unit= sarcomere with Z line borders
muscle fiber(cell) >myofibril> myofilaments (actin and myosin)

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2
Q

how does an action potential trigger a muscle contraction

A

acetylcholine, from synaptic terminal of motor neuron, depolarizes the muscle cell-which causes the action potential

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3
Q

role of ATP in muscle contraction

A
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4
Q

role of calcium in muscle contraction

A
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5
Q

cross bridge cycle

A
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6
Q

role of sarcoplasmic reticulum in regulating muscle contractions

A
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7
Q

smooth muscle

A

actin and myosin are not arranged in any particular way
spongey, contracts in same direction all over

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8
Q

striated muscle

A

striped in appearance, skeletal and cardiac muscle, actin and myosin arranged in parallel

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9
Q

tetanus

A
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10
Q

summation of muscle twitches

A
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11
Q

graded contractions

A
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12
Q

muscle recruitment

A

motor neuron recruitment results in stronger contractions- rapid gains upon first lift

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13
Q

muscle growth and repair

A

the number of actin and myosin filaments within a myofibril can increase, muscle cells do not increase

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14
Q

role of satellite cells

A

repair and growth
regeneration and production of actin and myosin filaments
stimulated by insulin-like growth factor (IGF) released by stressed muscles

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15
Q

energy metabolism in muscles (1)

A

mitochondrial aerobic metabolism
oxidative phosphorylation
allows for long term steady state activity

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16
Q

energy metabolism in muscle (2)

A

glycolysis
high intensity activities
produces lactic acid in bloodstream
burning feeling comes from decrease in pH since glycolysis produces H+
energetic shortfalls when glycogen stores are out

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17
Q

glycolytic fibers

A

use glycolysis as their primary source of ATP
less myoglobin and tire more easily

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18
Q

fast twitch fibers -type 2

A

contract rapidly and forcefully, shorter contractions
glycolytic- type 2a
glycolytic and oxidative- type 2b (majority)

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19
Q

oxidative fibers

A

aerobic respiration to generate ATP-produced by mitochondria, produces ATP slower but more efficient
fibers contain a lot of mitochondria and myoglobin
very red in color
slow twitch fibers, type 1

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20
Q

lactate (lactic acid) as fuel? as problem?

A

lactate converted to glucose in liver
lactate oxidized to CO2 by mitochondria in aerobic muscle
has to get used quickly to get H+ donor out of blood because H+ will drive pH down-more acidic muscle

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21
Q

oxygen debt

A

rates of oxygen consumption remain elevated after exercise has ceased- high respiration rate

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22
Q

metabolic transitions

A

for prolonged exercise, metabolic fuels must be mobilized for ATP production
type of fuel being used can be monitored by measuring the respiratory quotient (RQ)
hormones cause transitions between fuel type

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23
Q

respiratory quotient

A

CO2 production/O2 consumption
lipids= 0.7
carbohydrate= 1.0

24
Q

fuels and hormones

A

cortisol- release lipids
epinephrine- burn glucose
during steady state activity- utilize whichever fuel is abundant

25
Q

oxygen delivery

A

diffusion: small animals with low metabolic rates (O2 from water down concentration gradient into body)- nematodes and flatworms
cardiovascular system: vertebrates
tracheae (indentations in body): active insects like bees and grasshopers

26
Q

how is capacity to deliver O2 increased within muscles

A

hypoxic zones cause capillaries to grow

27
Q

hormonal role in oxygen delivery

A
28
Q

capillaries and capillarization

A
29
Q

hypoxic zones

A

hypoxic zones cause capillaries to grow

30
Q

hormone involvment in capillarization

A
31
Q

myoglobin

A
32
Q

skeleton types

A
33
Q

skeleton-muscle interactions

A
34
Q

type 1 lever

A
35
Q

type 2 lever

A
36
Q

type 3 lever

A
37
Q

mechanical advantage

A
38
Q

energy storage

A
39
Q

force and velocity

A
40
Q

power

A
41
Q

receptor cell structure and function

A
42
Q

afferent nerves

A
43
Q

generator potential

A
44
Q

receptor potential

A
45
Q

graded potentials

A
46
Q

receptor types

A
47
Q

adequate stimulus

A
48
Q

ampullae of lorenzini

A
49
Q

encoding of stimulus

A
50
Q

theory of labeled lines

A
51
Q

receptive fields

A
52
Q

lateral inhibition

A
53
Q

dynamic range

A
54
Q

range fractionation

A
55
Q

tonic receptors

A
56
Q

phasic receptors

A
57
Q
A

Animal Physiology (3 decks)

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