Exam 3 Flashcards
assessment of an animal condition after injecting toxic product
TPR - temperature, pulse, respiration
CRT - capillary refill time
MM - mucous membranes
obvious signs of intoxication
GI signs
ataxia - walking uncoordinated
unconscious
seizing
cardiovascular or respiratory distress
decontamination is dependent on
the agent and the status of the patient
how to tell what decontamination protocol to follow?
call poison control
emesis
throwing up
what are drugs to make the animal throw up?
apomorphine
hydrogen peroxide
toxic component of chocolate
methylxanthines
toxic component of antifreeze
ethylene glycol
how long can you wait to treat intoxication with antifreeze?
within 8-12 hours of exposure
what is the result of antifreeze ingestion?
calcium oxalate crystals
artificial sweetener in gum/candy
xylitol
what is the toxic plant in florida?
sago palm
lilies are only toxic to
cats - result in kidney failure
grapes and raisins are toxic to
dogs - result in kidney failure
onions are toxic to
cats more susceptible than dogs
what do onions cause?
hemolytic anemia
ibuprofen is ____ toxicity
NSAID
Acitaminophen common drug name
tylenol
what does acetaminophen cause?
hemolytic anemia and liver failure
what do vitamin D rodenticides cause?
hypercalcemia and hyperphophatemia
results in kidney failure and irreversible mineralization of tissues
what do anticoagulant rodenticides do?
block activation of Vit K dependent clotting factors
results in generalized hemorrhage
bufo toads secrete
bufotoxin
phases of wound healing
- inflammatory phase
- proliferative phase
- maturation phase
inflammatory phase of wound healing happens
immediately and lasts 3-5 days
what happens in the inflammatory phase of wound healing?
clot forms in the wound to control bleeding and stabilize the wound edges
inflammatory cells enter the wound and begin removing bacteria/debris
when does the proliferative phase of wound healing happen?
2-3 days after injury and can last weeks
what occurs during the proliferative phase of wound healing?
- fibroblasts and endothelial cells enter the wound
- granulation tissue begins filling the wound - barrier against infection
- epithelialization begins 4-5 days after injury - occurs from the wound edges and moves inward
what is the proliferative phase that can occur in horses?
proud flesh
when does the maturation phase of wound healing occur?
around 3 weeks after injury and lasts months
what happens during the maturation phase of wound healing?
remodeling and realignment of the collagen fibers
time period where wound is regaining strength but it will never be as strong as the original tissue
immediate wound care techniques
cover with clean dry bandage
water soluble antibiotic ointments
no antibiotic creams or powders
sugar and honey
hair removal from around the wound
cleaning with chlorhex soln, not scrub
wound lavage is
wound flush
why do we flush wounds?
remove debris and loose particles
what should the lavage pressure be?
8-12 PSI
32 mL syringe with an 18g needle
why is wound debridement done?
remove contaminated, devitalized, or necrotic tissues, foreign material
how is wound debridement done?
surgical excision of affected tissue
enzymatic debridement
hypertonic solutions (honey/sugar)
medical grade maggots
what are the considerations we take when we want to close a wound?
time since injury
degree of contamination
amount of tissue damage
blood supply to wound
animal health
closure without tension or dead space
location of wound
primary wound closure can be done when
there is minimal trauma and contamination to the wound
what is the golden period to suture a wound?
6-8 hours
what does suturing during the golden period result in ?
healing by first intention - appositional healing
delayed primary wound closure takes place
1-3 days after injury
before granulation tissue appears
mildly contaminated wounds
minimally traumatized wounds
some cleaning and debridement still takes place
second intention wound healing is when
the wound is allowed to heal without surgical closure
when is second intention wound healing used?
when the wound is dirty/contaminated and traumatized
cleansing and debridement necessary
when does third intention healing take place?
sutured at least 3-5 days after injury
what are the indications of third intention healing?
granulation tissue is present
wound is severely contaminated
wound is severely traumatized
epithelialization and contraction will not completely close the wound
second intention healing is not desirable
how do bandages promote wound healing?
protect from additional trauma, contamination
prevent wound desiccation, hematoma formation, seroma formation
immobilize the wound
minimize postoperative edema around incisions and exuberant granulation tissue formation in open wounds on lower limbs of horses
absorb wound exudate and lift away foreign material or loose tissue adhering to bandage
promote acid environment increasing oxygen availability in the wound
keep the wound warm
bandage primary contact layer
adherant or nonadherant
occlusive or nonacclusive
direct contact with wound surface
bandage secondary contact layer
absorbent
padded
conforming layer of cast padding or roll cotton
covers primary contact layer
supports wound
bandage teritary layer
holding and protective layer
gauze and elastic or adhesive tape
nonocculsive is preferred so air can transfer and moisture can enter and exit
steps in bandage placement
- apply anchoring tapes (stirrups)
- apply primary contact layer (contact)
- apply secondary layer (padded)
- apply tertiary layer (conforming)
- apply splint
- reflect, twist, and adhere tape stirrups to gauze
- apply tertiary (protective) tape
what do casts do?
stabilize fractures distal to the elbow/stifle
immobilize limbs to protect ligament or tendon repairs
where should casts be placed?
1 joint above and below any fracture
what layer is cast material applied instead of?
tertiary layer
robert jones bandage
thick
modified robert jones bandage
thinner and the toes stick out
what is the aftercare for bandaging?
assess toes
foul odors
chafing
no chewing
restrict exercise
a clinical hypersensitivity state or allergy with a hereditary predisposition
atopy
alopecia
hair loss
died adherent exudate found on the skin surface which can consist of pus, serum, blood, scale, and topical medications
crusts
an accumulation of the loose fragments of the cornified layer of the skin
scale
small solid elevation of the skin up to 1 cm which is palpable
papule
papule with visble exudate
pustule
scale arranged in a circular rim
epidermal collarette
when do we use skin scrapes?
identifying mites that cause mange
bacterial and fungal cultures
dematophyte test media - skin is plucked and tests for the presence of dermatophytes
bacteria culture - sent out to lab
what is the lamp called to test for ringworm?
wood’s lamp
what is impression smears/cytology used for?
evaluate for surface infection
bacteria
yeast
inflammatory cells
what are the two allergy testing methods?
serum - measures IgE in circulations
ADV - cost effective can be performed in any vet clinic
DIS - not as accurate as skin testing
intradermal - gold standard
ADV - most accurate way to determine allergies
DIS - requires referral and increased cost
dermatophytosis
ringworm
what are the two types of infections that are not itchy?
ringworm and demodectic mange
pyoderma is
infection of the skin
where is sarcoptic mange located usually?
ears, elbows, hocks, ventrum
pinnal pedal reflex may be present
What is a neonate?
The first 2-4 weeks of life.
During the neonatal period the baby depends on the mother for
Nutrition
Thermoregulation
Care
What to check when doing a neonate evaluation
Hydration status (mucous membranes)
Body hair - should cover most of the body except the abdomen
Ventral abdominal skin should be dark pink
Discharge from orifices
Body symmetry
Weight
First week developmental landmarks
Sleep 80% of the day
Nurse every 2-4 hours
Motor skills
Respond to stimuli
Elimination stimulated by dam
Sex determination
Second week developmental landmarks
Begin to crawl in coordinated manner
Body temp rises
Double their birth weight
Eyes open
Ear canals open
Third week developmental
Puppies and kittens are able to stand
Good postural reflexes present
Hypoglycemia
Poor ability to synthesize glucose in the undeveloped liver. Will result when neonate fails to nurse after 24-36 hours.
What is one of the most common diseases in the neonate?
Hypoglycemia
Neonatal isoerythrolysis
Occurs with blood type B queens - high levels of naturally occurring antibodies against type A RBCs.
- so when a kitten with blood type A ingests colostrum from a queen with blood type B the antibodies in the colostrum attack the kittens RBCs.
Fading puppy/kitten syndrome
A syndrome, not a particular diagnosis
Causes - poor management, malnutrition, environment, genetic defects, infections
Common problems with orphans
Overfeeding
Underfeeding
Overcrowding
Improper hygiene
Too many foster animals per person
Damp bedding
Cold, drafty environment
Reproductive cycle beginnings
Higher brain centers —> hypothalamus (GnRH released) —-> anterior pituitary (FSH & LH released) ——> ovary (estrogen & progesterone released)
GnRH is from
Hypothalamus
FSH is from
Anterior pituitary
Results in follicular growth in the female
Results in growth and release of sperm cells in male
Estrogen is from
The ovary
What is estrogen responsible for>
External signs of estrus
LH is from
The anterior pituitary
Results in ovulation in female
Results in testosterone production in the male
Progesterone is from
The ovary (CL) or the uterus during preganancy
Inhibin is from the
Follicle
PGF2A is realeased fro the
Uterus
Causes CL regression
Process of ovulation occurs when
The anterior pituitary releases FSH which results in follicular growth/development
After ovulation the follicle fills with blood, called the
Corpus hemorrhagicum (CH)
Puberty in female k9
Between 6-24 months of age
Proestrus in k9
9 days
Estrus in k9
9 days
Diestrus in k9
58 days
Anestrus in k9
4 months
Proestrus through anestrus lasts about _____ in the female dog
6 months
Ovulation occurs during
Estrus
Diestrus is controlled by
Progesterone
Site of fertilization
Ampulla/isthmus junction
Preganancy process
Embryonic disk resides in the uterus
Embryonic disk develops to more complex structure
Placenta cells develop into chorion and Allantois
Two fluid sacs surround fetus
Parturition preparations
Fetal endocrine system sends signals to trigger changes in parental endocrine/reproductive system to cause parturition
High cortisol concentrations cause hormonal changes
Hormonal changes trigger cervix dial action and uterine contraction
3 stage process of parturition
Stage 1 - preparation for delivery - pelvic ligaments relax, cervix softens, female is restless, uterine contractions without abdominal contractions, averages 6-12 hours
Stage 2 - fetal expulsion - 20-60 mins per puppy - ranges 3-6 hours up to 24 hours
Stage 3 - expulsion of placenta
Pregnancy determination in the canine
Abdominal palapation
Hormone assay - relaxin
Ultrasound
Radiography after day 45 can see ossification of fetal skeleton
