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educ 2203 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

grouping people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

A

socioeconomic status

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2
Q

top 5 percent of population
$100,000 or more
1% blue bloods
4% earned success

A

upper class

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3
Q

born to wealth

A

blue bloods

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4
Q

15% of population
$63,000-100,000
occupations require significant education

A

upper middle class

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5
Q

33 % of population
$40000-63000
occupations require college education
professional occupations

A

lower middle class

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6
Q

30% of population
$20000-40000 annual income
high school educated
vulnerable to financial problems

A

working class

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7
Q

14% of population
less than $20,000
often hold 2-3 minimum wage jobs

A

lower class

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8
Q

chronically unemployed or on welfare
many homeless
1% of population

A

poor

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9
Q

who is more likely to be in poverty

A

single parent families
minority
u.s. children

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10
Q

which socioeconomic status is schools made for

A

middle class

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11
Q

a group made up of individuals who have a shared sense of identity, usually because of a common place of origin, religion, or race

A

ethnicity

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12
Q

reflects only physical characteristics

A

race

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13
Q

share norms, traditions, behaviors, language, and perceptions of the group

A

culture

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14
Q

school programs for students who are acquiring english that teach the students in their first language part of the time while english is being learned

A

bilingual education

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15
Q

sink or swim in english instructional setting; esl for lowest levels of english proficiency to build oral english

A

english immersion

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16
Q

teach reading and other in native language; transition to english over several years

A

transitional

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17
Q

teach reading and other in both languages

A

paired

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18
Q

for all students, teach in both languages

A

two-way

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19
Q

education that values diversity and includes the perspective of a variety of cultural groups on a regular basis

A

multicultural education

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20
Q

ability to figure out how to get what you want out of life by purposefully using your strengths to compensate for your weaknesses

A

intelligence

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21
Q

general aptitude for learning, often measured by the ability to deal with abstractions and solve problems

A

intelligence

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22
Q

an intelligence test score that for people of average intelligence should be near 100

A

IQ

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23
Q

learning through spoken and written words: reading, listening, speaking, and writing

A

verbal linguistic

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24
Q

learning through reasoning and problem solving: numbers

A

mathematical- logical

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25
Q

learning through songs, patters, rhythms, instruments

A

musical

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26
Q

learning visually and organizing ideas, think in images and pictures

A

visual spatial

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27
Q

learning through interaction with one’s environment: concrete experiences

A

bodily/kinesthetic

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28
Q

learning through feelings, values, and attitudes: understand other people

A

intrapersonal

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29
Q

learning through interactions with others; working collaboratively

A

interpersonal

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30
Q

learning through classification, categories, and hierarchies:
ability to pick up on subtle differences

A

naturalist

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31
Q

learning by seeing the big picture, real world understanding

A

existential

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32
Q

learn best when information is presented using patterns, shapes and other visual aids

A

visual learners

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33
Q

learn best when information is spoken or heard

A

auditory learners

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34
Q

prefer info to be presented using words

A

read/write

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35
Q

hands on, participatory learners

A

kinesthetic

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36
Q

a change in an individual caused by experience

A

learning

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37
Q

a change in behavior, looks for connections between experiences and behaviors

A

behavioral learning

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38
Q

a change in thinking, looks at processing information and building knowledge

A

cognitive learning

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39
Q

learning takes place

A

intentionally and unintentionally

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40
Q

something that causes a response

A

stimulus

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41
Q

a stimulus that you didn’t have to teach something to react to

A

unconditioned stimulus

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42
Q

a response from a stimulus that you did not have to be trained to react to

A

unconditioned response

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43
Q

a stimulus that you have to be taught to react to

A

conditioned stimulus

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44
Q

a response that you have to be taught to react to

A

conditioned response

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45
Q

a stimulus that doesn’t mean anything to you yet

A

neutral stimulus

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46
Q

a form of learning in which the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability that the behavior will occur (Skinner)

A

operant conditioning

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47
Q

application of the principles of operant conditioning to change human behavior

A

applied behavior analysis

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48
Q

a consequence that increases or maintains the behavior

A

reinforcer

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49
Q

a consequence that decreases a behavior

A

punisher

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50
Q

deliberately not applying a consequence, as a way to decrease that behavior

A

extinction

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51
Q

satisfies basic human needs

A

primary reinforcer

52
Q

acquire their value by association with primary reinforcer

A

secondary reinforcer

53
Q

a rewarding stimulus/ give something

A

positive reinforcement

54
Q

remove a stimulus/take away

A

negative reinforcement

55
Q

making access to a reinforcer by doing something less rewarding

A

premack principle

56
Q

when people engage in behaviors just because it is pleasurable to do

A

intrinsic reinforcer

57
Q

rewards given to motivate people to engage in behavior they normally don’t do

A

extrinsic reinforcer

58
Q

give something to decrease behavior

A

positive punishment

59
Q

taking away something to decrease behavior

A

negative punishment

60
Q

behavior must be broken down into small realistic steps and as responses are made and reinforced, each step is mastered

A

shaping

61
Q

refers to how often a particular response is reinforced or how much time passes before a response is reinforced

A

schedule of reinforcement

62
Q

behavior that is reinforced every time it happens

A

continuous reinforcement

63
Q

rewards after a certain number of behaviors

A

ratio

64
Q

rewards after a period of time

A

interval

65
Q

specific number or time

A

fixed

66
Q

unpredictable number or time

A

variable

67
Q

do 5 problems

A

fixed ratio

68
Q

do 5 times
do 7 times
do 2 times

A

variable ratio

69
Q

same amount of time

A

fixed interval

70
Q

different wait time each time

A

variable interval

71
Q

holds that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development

A

social cognitive theory

72
Q

social cognitive theorist
boba dolls

A

albert bandura

73
Q

steps for observational learning

A

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

74
Q

must attend to model and what they are doing (status of model is important)

A

attention

75
Q

must code the info and keep it in memory so they can retrieve it, vividness and clear directions are important

A

retention

76
Q

to prove they learned, should produce behavior. might need further instruction and practice to get it completely right

A

reproduction

77
Q

if believe they will be reinforced, are much more likely to produce behavior

A

motivation

78
Q

people learn by seeing others reinforced or punished for engaging in behaviors

A

vicarious learning

79
Q

if children see positive consequences from a particular type of behavior, they are more likely to repeat the behavior themselves

A

social modeling

80
Q

people observe their own behavior, judge it against there own standards, and reinforce or punish themselves

A

self regulated learning

81
Q

the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

A

self efficacy

82
Q

jamie spanks his child for playing in the street

A

positive punishment

83
Q

an A on exam that you studied real hard for

A

positive reinforcement

84
Q

brie cleans her room to keep her parents off her back

A

negative reinforcement

85
Q

getting a paycheck

A

positive reinforcement

86
Q

reducing anxiety by smoking a cigarette

A

negative reinforcement

87
Q

embarrassing a student for a giving a wrong answer

A

positive punishment

88
Q

taking an aspirin to relieve a headache

A

negative reinforcement

89
Q

receiving a hug from your parents after throwing a temper tantrum

A

positive reinforcement

90
Q

getting fired from your job because you show up late to work

A

negative punishment

91
Q

reducing the amount of homework when students behave well during class

A

negative reinforcement

92
Q

lindsay wasn’t doing well in her 6th grade math class. Her teacher told her parents that lindsay handed in less than 50 percent of her assignments. her parents told lindsay that any day on which she did not hand in her homework she would be sent to bed right after dinner. as a result of this threat, lindsay had handed in her assignment 97% of the time

A

negative reinforcement

93
Q

in order to receive his allowance jake cleans up his room regularly

A

positive reinforcement

94
Q

greg does not go to the dentist every 6 months for a check up. instead, he waited until a tooth really hurts, then goes to the dentist. after 2 emergency trips to the dentist, greg now goes to the dentist every 6 months like he should

A

negative reinforcement

95
Q

after cassie flirted with someone else at the party, her boyfriend stopped talking to her. cassie did not flirt at the next party

A

negative punishment

96
Q

the annoying student jumps up and down, hand raised, yelling “me, me, me” until the teacher calls on her. the child jumps and yells even more in the future

A

positive reinforcement

97
Q

you get paid once every two weeks

A

fixed interval

98
Q

slot machines at casinos payoff after a certain number of plays

A

variable ratio

99
Q

students are released from class when the end of the period bell rings

A

fixed interval

100
Q

you get a nickel for every pop can you return

A

fixed ratio

101
Q

sometimes the mail is delivered at 1, sometimes at 3

A

variable interval

102
Q

a car salesman who gets a commission on each sale

A

continuous reinforcement

103
Q

getting a small increase in your hourly wage every 6 months

A

fixed interval

104
Q

honor roll is announced every 9 weeks and prizes are given out

A

fixed interval

105
Q

your dog loves to go on walks around the neighborhood. you begin an experiment by clapping your hand three times before getting the leash to walk the dog. Soon every time you clap your hands the dog comes running. This is an example of what concept?

A

classics conditioning

106
Q

you visit a new friend for the first time and as you enter his apartment, his cat hisses and jumps on you from above the doorway.. this happens for several nights. then one evening you come in for a visit and at the sound of the cats hiss you jump quickly to one side and the cat lands on the floor next to you. the cats hiss it the

A

conditioned stimulus

107
Q

ellen is training her cat to go to the bathroom outside by putting the litter box closer and closer to the door with a treat, eventually putting it in the backyard. this best exemplifies

A

shaping

108
Q

after a child has a tantrum at a store, his mother refuses to buy him what he wants. this is an example of

A

negative punishment

109
Q

the food given to a mouse in the skinner box would be classified as a

A

positive reinforcer

110
Q

if a little girl screams and cries so that finally her mother agrees to give her a candy bar, who’s behavior is being reinforced

A

both the mother and daughters behavior

111
Q

molly was ecstatic when she learned her family was going to the state fair next weekend. when her family arrived at the state fair the temperature was in excess of 100 degrees, but molly didn’t care because she was finally there. Molly stopped and watched some clowns performing next to the carousel. As she watched the silly antics of the clowns with the carousel music playing in the background, molly got more and more sweaty and uncomfortable. Eventually, she fainted from the heat. After that trip to the state fair, every time molly hears carousel music she feels a little dizzy

A

unconditioned stimulus- 100 degree weather/ excessive heat
unconditioned response- fainting
the neutral stimulus/ conditioned stimulus- carousel music
conditioned response- to feel dizzy

112
Q

when miah gets back to the dorm after jogging around campus, he likes to take a shower. One morning while taking a shower he hears someone flushing a nearby toilet. Suddenly, extremely hot water comes rushing out of the shower head and miah experiences excruciating pain. After muttering a few obscenities, he continues showering, A few minutes later, miah hears another toilet flush and he leaps out of the shower

A

unconditioned stimulus- hot water
unconditioned response/ excruciating pain
neutral/conditioned stimulus- toilet flushing
conditioned response-
leaping out of shower

113
Q

ryan was really looking forward to lunch because his mother had prepared a tuna salad sandwich. Unfortunately, the mayo she used had been left out too long and was spoiled. Not long after eating the sandwich, Ryan felt sick and had to rush to the bathroom. Thereafter, the mere mention of a tuna sandwich would make ryan nauseous

A

unconditioned stimulus- spoiled mayo
unconditioned response- felt sick/ rush to bathroom
neutral/conditioned stimulus-
mention of tuna sandwich
conditioned response- feeling nauseous

114
Q

psychologists like to experiment on other organisms in their immediate environment, so jenny decided to perform a few experiments on her kitty, Precious. Jenny had a little clicker that makes a loud click sound. She walked around the house, randomly clicking it while precious rested in the living room. then jenny sat down with precious and used the flash of her camera to flash a bright light at the same time she clicked. precious blinked because of the flash and looked mildly annoyed. jenny repeated this process with her 4 times, then clicked the clicker without using the flash. She still blinked

A

unconditioned stimulus- flashing light
unconditioned response- blinking
neutral/conditioned stimulus- clicking
conditioned response- blinking

115
Q

after sabrina heard about jenny’s experiment, she wanted to try something with her own cat. Sabrina’s cat tends to follow her around the house. When sabrina feeds her, she puts her food dish on the floor. one day, sabrina tried a new procedure. after she put the food dish on the floor, she would snap her fingers, which was paired with her eating the food and licking her chops. One night about a week ago, a half hour or so before sabrina normally feeds her, they were sitting on the couch. sabrina decided to try snapping her fingers to see if there was any classical conditioning. jasmine looked at sabrina and licked her chops

A

unconditioned stimulus- eating the food dish
unconditioned response- licking chops
neutral stimulus/conditioned stimulus- snapping
conditioned response- licking chops

116
Q

hannah and her sidekick went out on the town to a swanky restaurant. They saw a new food item on the menu ,Fois Gras, and decided to try it. they found it delicious. after retired to bed, avery became nauseous, had a headache, and slept poorly. she tried eating the fois gras since but when looking at it, she immediately feels nauseous and can’t eat it.

A

unconditioned stimulus- eating the fois gras
unconditioned response- getting sick
neutral/conditioned stimulus- seeing the food
conditioned response- nauseous

117
Q

the culture of most schools in the us tend to reflect

A

middle class values

118
Q

shared norms, attitudes, and ways of behaving that characterize. group of people are collectively known as

A

culture

119
Q

the structural bias in traditional classrooms works against lower ses and minority group students because:

A

there is a mismatch between the cooperative orientation of these students and the competitive orientation of the school

120
Q

socioeconomic status is most often measured as

A

combination of the individuals income and years of education

121
Q

you are a teacher working with students from a low income neighborhood. based on findings from research on academic progress and ses, you should expect your students, relative to middle class students of the same age to

A

to lose ground academically over the summer

122
Q

which of the following is not a way to promote resilience

A

have conversations only about academics

123
Q

education that values diversity and includes the perspectives of a variety of cultural groups on a regular basis is known as

A

multicultural education

124
Q

the idea that humans are divided into distinct groups on the basis of physical characteristics

A

race

125
Q

the first step in multicultural education is for teachers, administrators, and other school staff to

A

learn about the culture from which their students come

educ 2203 (4 decks)

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