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Pathopharm 3314 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Agonists

A

a substance that initiates a physiological response when combined with a receptor

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2
Q

Antagonist

A

a substance that interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another

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3
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

the biological process by which a neuron communicates with a target cell across a synapse

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4
Q

Axonal conduction

A

the process of which positive ions are pumped in and out of the axon, further up each time, to create a temporary attraction and draw the action potential along

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5
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A

receptors that MEDIATE responses to acetylcholine

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6
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

receptors that MEDIATE responses to epinephrine and norepinephrine

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7
Q

Muscarinic agonists

A

selectively mimic the effects of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors

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8
Q

Muscarinic antagonists

A

selectively block the effects of acetylcholine (and other muscarinic agonists) at muscarinic receptors

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9
Q

Muscarinic antagonist toxicity symptoms

A

dry mouth
blurred vision
hyperthermia
hallucinations
skin that is hot, dry, & flushed

Death can result from respiratory depression

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10
Q

Muscarinic antagonist toxicity antidote

A

Physostigmine

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11
Q

Acetylcholine

A

a type of chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, that plays a vital role in the central & peripheral nervous system. It is important for muscle control, autonomic body functions, and in learning, memory, and attention

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12
Q

Epinephrine

A

a hormone and neurotransmitter used to treat allergic reactions, to restore cardiac rhythm, and to control mucosal congestion, glaucoma, and astma

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13
Q

Norepinephrine

A

a sympathomimetic used in the control of BP during various hypotensive states and as an adjunct treatment during cardiac arrest

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14
Q

Dopamine

A

a catecholamine neurotransmitter used to treat hemodynamic imbalances, poor perfusion of vital organs, low CO, and hypotension

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15
Q

Bethanechol

A

a muscarinic agonist used to treat postoperative & postpartum nonobstructive functional urinary retention & neurogenic atony of the bladder with retention

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16
Q

Atropine

A

a muscarinic antagonist used to treat poisoning by muscarinic agents, including organophosphates and other drugs

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17
Q

What kind of conditions do neuropharmacological medications treat?

A

Depression
Epilepsy
Hypertension
Asthma
HF
Chest Pain
Anxiety

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18
Q

Cholinergic receptor subtypes

A

Functions:
- activation of nicotinicN (neuronal) receptors
- release of epinephrine from adrenal medulla
- activation of nicotinicM (muscle) receptors
- contraction of skeletal muscle
- activation of muscarinic receptors
- increased glandular secretion (pulmonary, gastric, intestinal, sweat glands)
- contraction of smooth muscle in bronchi & GI tract
- slowing of HR
- pupil constriction & lens focus
- dilation of blood vessels
- voiding of urinary bladder

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19
Q

Alpha1 receptors

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • ejaculation
  • contraction of the bladder neck & prostate
20
Q

Alpha2 receptors

A
  • located in presynaptic junction
  • minimal clinical significance
21
Q

Beta1 receptors

A
  • HEART
  • increases HR, force of contraction, velocity of conduction in AV node, kidney & renin release
22
Q

Beta2 receptors

A
  • LUNGS
  • bronchial dilation
  • relaxation of uterine muscle
  • vasodilation
  • glycogenesis
23
Q

Dopamine receptors

A

dilates renal blood vessels

24
Q

Functions of sympathetic nervous system?

A
  1. Regulation of CV system
  2. regulation of body temp
  3. implementation of fight-or-flight reaction
25
Q

Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system>

A
  • slowing HR
  • increasing gastric secretions
  • emptying bladder
  • emptying bowel
  • focusing the eye for near vision
  • constricting pupil
  • contracting bronchial smooth muscle
26
Q

Side effects of cholinergic drugs

A
  • Heart: bradycardia
  • smooth muscle
  • lung: constriction of bronchi
  • GI: increased tone & motility
  • bladder: contraction of detrusor muscle & relaxation of trigone & sphincter
  • exocrine glands: increased sweating, salivation, bronchial secretions, & secretion of gastric acid
  • eye: miosis & contraction of ciliary muscle
27
Q

Side effects of anticholinergic drugs

A
  • heart: increases HR
  • exocrine glands: decreases secretion
  • smooth muscle: relaxes the bronchi, decreases tone of bladder detrusor, and decreases tone & motility of GI tract
  • eyesL mydriasis (pupil dilation)
  • CNS: mild excitation to hallucinations & delirium
28
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate our body temperature?

A
  • Regulates blood flow to the skin
  • Dilating surface vessels: Accelerates heat loss
  • Constricting cutaneous vessels: conserves heat
  • Promotes the secretion of sweat: helps the body cool
  • Induces piloerection (goosebumps): promotes heat conservation
29
Q

Dopamine, what is it used for?

A

DILATES RENAL VASCULATURE
- USED TO TREAT SHOCK: dilation of renal blood vessels reduce the risk of renal failure
- increase urinary output
- enhances cardiac performance by activating beta1 receptors in the heart

30
Q

Therapeutic uses for beta2 agonists

A

Asthma
Preterm labor delay

31
Q

S&S of muscarinic agonist toxicity

A

profuse salivation, tearing, visual disturbances, bronchospasm, diarrhea, bradycardia, & hypotension

32
Q

muscarinic agonist toxicity antidote

A

Atropine

33
Q

Treatment for overactive bladder (OAB)

A

Oxybutynin

34
Q

Treatment for motion sickness

A

Scopolamine (blocks muscarinic receptors)

35
Q

Why are neuromuscular blockers given?

A

used for muscle relaxation during surgery; endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and other procedures

36
Q

What to look out for when giving neuromuscular blockers

A

malignant hyperthermia
postoperative pain
hyperkalemia

37
Q

S&S of malignant hyperthermia

A
  • muscle rigidity associated with a profound elevation of body temp (as high as 43 C)
  • cardiac dysrhythmias, unstable BP, electrolyte derangements, & metabolic acidosis
38
Q

Malignant hyperthermia treatment

A
  • immediate discontinuation of succinylcholine
  • cooling pt with external ice packs & IV infusion of cold saline
  • admin. IV dantrolene, stops heat generation by acting directly on skeletal muscle to reduce its metabolic activity
39
Q

Epinephrine - therapeutic uses

A
  • works on alpha1, alpha2, and beta1, beta2
  • delayed absorption of local anesthetics
  • control superficial bleeding
  • elevate BP
  • overcome AV heart block
  • restore cardiac functions
  • asthma
  • severe allergic reactions
40
Q

Albuterol & therapeutic uses

A
  • adrenergic agonist
  • acts on beta2 receptors

ASTHMA

41
Q

Metoprolol

A

2nd gen beta blocker
- selective blockade of beta1 receptors in heart
- not likely to cause bronchoconstriction or hypoglycemia
- preferred over nonselective beta-blockers for pts with asthma or diabetes

  • hypertension
  • angina pectoris
  • heart failure
  • MI
42
Q

First dose effect with alpha1 blocker

A

dizziness with 1st dose of medication
preferred to take first dose at night to prevent falling & excessive dizziness

43
Q

Therapeutic uses for beta blockers

A

anxiety
MI
blood pressure
tachycardia
HF
migraines
STAGE FRIGHT
glaucoma

44
Q

Clonidine

A
  • centrally acting alpha2 agonist
  • hypertension
  • severe pain
  • ADHD

AE
- drowsiness - 35%
- xerostomia - 40%
- rebound hypertension
- withdraw slowly over 2 to 4 days
- not recommended during pregnancy
- abuse
- constipation, impotence, gynecomastia, CNS effects

45
Q

Reserpine

A
  • depletion of norepinephrine from postganglionic sympathetic neurons
  • closely resemble alpha & beta blockade

USES
- principal indication: hypertension (not preferred)
- psychotic states (not preferred)

AE
- DEPRESSION
- bradycardia, ortho hypo, nasal congestion
- GI involvement

Pathopharm 3314 (2 decks)

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