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bio 228 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Speciation

A

where ecology and evolution meet

IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS,ARE NOT FIXED EVOLVE IN TIME

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2
Q

Species

A

A product of evolution (decent w/ modification)

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3
Q

Anagenesis

A

Change of characteristics in each of the descendants of the lineage.(inferred thru fossil records)

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4
Q

Cladogenesis

A

Branching of lineage into 2 or m ore descendants lineages.(inferred by phylogenteics

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5
Q

How do species form?

A
  1. Thru Anagenesis and Claudogenesis

2. Hybridization

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6
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups .(controversial b/c states if I can breed with you we are part of the same species.

Key concepts.

  1. Most widely used in 20th century
  2. Hard to document reproduction isolation so morphological differences used as proxy for reproductive isolation.
  3. Does not deal well w/ observed hybridization in the wild or species that reproduce asexually.
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7
Q

Evolutionary Species Concept

A

A species is a single lineage of populations or organisms that maintain an identity separate from other such lineages ,which has its own evolutionary tendencies

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8
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

A cluster of organisms that is distinct from other clusters, and there is a parental pattern of ancestor and descent.(smallest monophyletic group of common ancestry)

  1. Increasing in use of today
  2. Emphasizes descent w/ modification
  3. combine use of Phylogenetics .comparative biology and fossil records.
    (requires the revisions of many old nomenclatures)
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9
Q

Phylogenetics

A

Trys to understand the sequence of diversification events

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10
Q

Monophyletic

A

A group/clade that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants.

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11
Q

Why do so many species’ concepts differ?

A

B/c scientists differed on the focus of the criteria on how to narrow down species.

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12
Q

How do today’s scientists determine species boundaries?

A

Thru morphological behavioral and genetic information

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13
Q

How do Species originate?

A

From barriers to gene flow

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14
Q

Gene flow

A

Allow individuals from some populations to share common genetic background,(if there is a barrier few will be more and more different from others)

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15
Q

Barriers

A

When you have 2 different species that evolve they will NOT hybridize or gene flow (anything that promotes geneflow will maintain the identity of the species

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16
Q

Isolating Barriers

A

Keeps species separately genetically

  1. Pre-zygotic (premating and postmating)
  2. Post- zygotic
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17
Q

Pre-zygotic ,(pre-mating)

A
  1. Ecological isolation
    a. spatial-
    b. Temporal -one specie may breed in winter one may breed in summer (don’t see each other during this period)
  2. Behavioral Isolation
    ex. Song of bird
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18
Q

Pre-zygotic (post-mating)

A
  1. Mechanical isolation (incompatibility of reproductive organs)
  2. Behavioral isolation (copulatory- genitalia fails to stimulate properly)
  3. Gametic isolation (gametes will not fuse when attempted)
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19
Q

Post-zygotic

A
  1. Hybrid inviability
  2. Hybrid sterility
    ex. donkey + horse = mule (sterile)
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20
Q

What factors might most promote genetic differentiation?

A

Geographic configuration

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21
Q

Geographic Configurations (Models of Speciation)

A
  1. Allopatry (separated, speciation in different areas)
  2. Parapatry (speciation next to adjacent areas; places close to each other)
  3. Sympatry (speciation in same place)
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22
Q

Allopatric(Vicariance)

A

Used when ppl describe allopatric separation(when an event separates an original ancestor population into 2 isolated areas that are approximately the same size.)

  • Groups do not see each other, no interactions, no exchange of genes, become more differentiated over time because of barriers, LESS GENETIC DRIFT, point of contact = secondary hybrid zone
  • Splitting event avoiding gene flow
  • Different mutations becoming more different
  • They will not form into a single population again
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23
Q

Allopatric (Peripatric)

A

One new population is in the periphery (adjacent) of the other two new areas vastly different in size (GENETIC DRIFT WILL PLAY HEAVIER ON SMALL PERIPHERY)

  • Split by vicariance OR newly occupied by dispersal
  • They cannot live together and lose their genetic identity –> 2 different species and cannot hybridize
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24
Q

Allopatric

A

(Separated)one lineage gives birth to 2 lineages but 2 daughter lineages are in different geographical areas

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25
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

New species emerge at the same site as their ancestor (have micro preferences or behavioral differences that interpret gene flow)(GENETIC DIFFERENCES RESULT IN REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION )

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26
Q

Sympatric Speciaton

A

New species emerge at the same site as their ancestor (have micro preferences or behavioral differences that interpret gene flow)(GENETIC DIFFERENCES RESULT IN REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION )

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27
Q

Reinforcement

A

Avoid hybridizing in areas where they are secondary contact to maintain their uniqueness
(species end up evolving ways to avoid merging their genome again)

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28
Q

Reinforcement

A

Avoid hybridizing in areas where they are secondary contact to maintain their uniqueness
(species end up evolving ways to avoid merging their genome again

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29
Q

Macroevolution

A

Descent with modification

30
Q

The tree of Life

A

Provides info on which species share a common ancestor and which share a more distant ancestor, shows all organisms are related,(tips of the tree are recent, bottom share an older common ancestor)

31
Q

Phylogeny

A

(hypothesis)of patterns of relationships among species,recognizes descendants and ancestors. Enables macroevolution

32
Q

Descendants

A

are represented by the tips of the tree

33
Q

Ancestors

A

represented at the nodes of the tree

34
Q

Phylogenetic reconstruction

A

methods that allow us to estimate evolutionary relationships among species or groups of species

35
Q

Modern Systematics include?

A
  1. phylogenetic reconstruction

2. classification systems to reflect evolutionary relationships

36
Q

Paraphyletic Group

A

does not include all descendants of the common ancestors

37
Q

How can we infer the phylogeny of a group of organisms?

A

characters, which are observable(which are thought to be homologous(derived from a common ancestor)), can also describe their state(alternative conditions of character ex. yellow,blue)

38
Q

Polygenic group

A

group of nonrelated lineages,common ancestor not included

39
Q

Homologous

A

inherited from a common ancestor but may look different (w/ or w/o modification)

40
Q

Ancestral state

A

found in common ancestor

41
Q

Derived State

A

is one that evolved from the common ancestor state

42
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in Allen frequencies

43
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in Allen frequencies

44
Q

Archaea

A

A group prokaryotes that live in extreme environments (ex high temp, very salty

45
Q

Abiotic

A

fundamental niche(what a species can tolerate), non-living part of ecosystem ex. wind, rain,soil ,temp.

46
Q

Biotic

A

living parts of the ecosystem reflected in predation/interactions.(Limit where in geographical space can be.

47
Q

Evolution Biogeography

A

how populations, species, communities, and ecosystems are distributed in geographical space and how distributions change over time.

48
Q

distribution

A

can be random, uneven/overdispersed

49
Q

Dispersal limitations

A

species differ in their ability to disperse, this affects the distributions

50
Q

Geography impacts?

A

Biodiversity

51
Q

Determinism(abiotic)

A

(Environmentalism)the belief that the environment’s physical factors such as landforms and climate determine the patterns of human culture and societal development (anything you can predict)

52
Q

What was Darwin’s key observation of evolutionary biogeography?

A

Island Radation-a clade that breaks off into many different species, they can look the same but act different and inhabit different islands(islands allowed for species to diversify)

53
Q

What was Wallace’s key observations of evolutionary biogeography?

A

Rivers as barriers

54
Q

Plate tectonics

A

help explain some distributions (the connectivity of different land masses (continents)differed at different times in the past, causing species that were related to evolve in diff content in isolation, from where the one continent once split.

55
Q

Biomes

A

unique ecosystems characterized by climatic conditions often occupied by species that have adaptations

(each biome has its own geographical space,are distibiutes based upon temp/percipitation)

56
Q

Biogeographic regions can have…

A

many biomes

57
Q

Tropical rain forest biomes describe…

A

closer to the equator
highest terestial diversity
characterized by tall evergreen and deciduous (sheds its leaves)trees
know as nursery and museum to species

58
Q

Temperate Deciduous forest biomes describe…

A

hot summer
cold winter
seasonal rain
ex. eastern USA
dominated by deciduous trees w/some evergreen
low species diversity compared to tropics

59
Q

Hot desert (in high pressure) biomes describe…

A

very low rain ,very cold
most animals have adaptations to deal w/extreme temp
sparse vegetation

60
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

may look the same but have evolved from diff. sources

61
Q

Mediterranean climate biomes describe…

A

hot ,dry summers ,mild wet winters

frequent fires ,vegetation is mostly shrubs and herbs no trees

62
Q

tropical

A

close to equator

63
Q

temperate

A

cold winter in which plants become dormant

64
Q

Evergreen

A

a plant that retains leaves throughout year

65
Q

Confier

A

plant w/needle like leaves

66
Q

Slerophyllous

A

woody tough plant ,w/ tough evergreenleave prevents water loss

67
Q

succulent

A

thick fleshy leaves,capable of storing water

68
Q

where are the most diverse terrestrial and marine habitats

A

coral reefs and tropical rain forrest ,(all located in emerging or developing countries

69
Q

what key advance in evolutionary biogeography post Darwin and Wallace

A

DNA sequence analysis-which allows for phylogeny reconstruction

70
Q

Comparative Analyses

A

patterns of genetic divergence btw populations occuring together allows the identification of shared responses to past habitats change

71
Q

Comparative Phylogenetic is…

A

biogeographic w/phylogenetic data

72
Q

Analyses of DNA sequence help to understand what…

A

demographic(structure of population ) changes throughout time (population genetics)

bio 228 (1 decks)

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