Exam 3 Flashcards
define equilibrium
point where concentrations of products & reactants no longer change - rate of formation of each is equal
define dynamic equilibrium
opposing processes occur at the same rate
Kc >> 1, equilibrium lies to the _____, and 𝚫G° is _____
right
negative
Kc << 1, equilibrium lies to the _____, and 𝚫G° is _____
left
positive
Kc is between _________, product concentration roughly equals reactants’
10^-2 and 10^2
law of mass action
Kc = Qc at equilibrium
Qc > Kc:
reactants favored
Kc > Qc:
products favored
𝚫n =
moles of gaseous product - moles of gaseous reactant
R used in Kp/Kc equation
0.08206 L*atm/mol*k
normal R
8.314 J/k*mol
reversing reaction effect on Kc
1 / Kc
multiplying equation effect on Kc
Kc^n
n = what you multiplied by
dividing equation effect on Kc
n√Kc
n = what you divided by
adding 2 equations effect on Kc
Kc1 x Kc2 = Kc3
- Effects of concentration…
- Increase [reactants] = shift to _____
- Increase [products] = shift to ____
- Decrease [reactants] = shift to ____
- Decrease [products] = shift to ____
- Effects of concentration…
- Increase [reactants] = Q < K, shift to right
- Increase [products] = Q > K, shift to left
- Decrease [reactants] = Q > K, shift to left
- Decrease [products] = Q < K, shift to right
- Effects of volume & pressure…
- Decrease volume = shift to ________
- Increase volume = shift to ________
- Decrease pressure = shift to ________
- Increase pressure = shift to _________
- 𝚫 in pressure or volume = no change if __________
- Adding an inert gas to the reaction at fixed volume & pressure = ________
- Effects of volume & pressure…
- Decrease volume = shift to side with fewer particles
- Increase volume = shift to side with more particles
- Decrease pressure = shift to side with more particles
- Increase pressure = shift to side with fewer particles
- 𝚫 in pressure or volume = no change if both sides have equal particle number
- Adding an inert gas to the reaction at fixed volume & pressure = no change
- Effects of temperature…
- Increase heat in an exothermic rxn = shift to _____
- Decrease heat in an exothermic rxn = shift to ____
- Increase heat in endothermic rxn = shift to ____
- Decrease heat in endothermic rxn = shift to ____
- Effects of temperature…
- Increase heat in an exothermic rxn = shift to left
- Decrease heat in an exothermic rxn = shift to right
- Increase heat in endothermic rxn = shift to right
- Decrease heat in endothermic rxn = shift to left
proton donor
Bronsted acid
proton acceptor
Bronsted base
electron donor
Lewis base
electron acceptor
Lewis acid
amphoteric
acts as acid or base
Kw of water
10^-14 = [H3O][OH]
strength of an acid measured by…
tendency to ionize
stronger bonds & greater enthalpy =
weaker acid
2 factors that imact ionization:
- Strength of bonds in acid
- Polarity of bonds in acid
hydrohalic acid strengths
HF << HCl < HBr < HI
oxoacids contain…
H, O and a central nonmetal atom
oxoacids
Chloric acid HClO3
bromic acid HBrO3
carbonic acid H2CO3
nitrous acid HNO2
nitric acid HNO3
phosphorous acid H3PO3
phosphoric acid H3PO4
sulfuric acid H2SO4
2 groups of oxoacids related to strength
- Different central atoms from the same group of the PT with the same oxidation number
- Same central atoms with different numbers of oxygen - more oxygen = stronger acid, readily donates protons
include C bound to 2 O and an R group
carboxylic acids
electronegativity _______ strength of acid
increases
7 strong acids
- Hydrochloric acid HCl
- Hydrobromic acid HBr
- Hydroiodic acid HI
- Nitric acid HNO3
- Chloric acid HClO3
- Perchloric acid HClO4
- Sulfuric acid H2SO4
8 strong bases
- Group 1A hydroxides
- LiOH
- NaOH
- KOH
- RbOH
- CsOH
- Group 2A hydroxides
- Ca(OH)2
- Sr(OH)2
- Ba(OH)2
