exam 3

Question 1

controlled substances act (CSA)

Answer 1

categorizes drugs “based upon the substance’s medical value, harmfulness, and potential for abuse or addiction

Question 2

drug addiction emphasized the importance of ___

Answer 2

physical dependence

Question 3

not all drugs of abuse induce withdrawal symptoms such as:

Answer 3

cocaine so this was not considered an addictive drug because it lacks and opiate-like withdrawal syndrome

Question 4

addict is often driven by a strong urge:

Answer 4

craving

Question 5

substance dependence

Answer 5

the more severe disorder, corresponds roughly to the notion of addiction

Question 6

substance abuse

Answer 6

less severe disorder that may or may not lead subsequently to substance dependence

• the mere use of any drug does not constitute substance abuse or dependence
• according to the DSM the use must be maladaptive (harm is occurring to the user).

Question 7

addiction is NOT:

Answer 7

• experimental drug use
• recreational (casual) use
• circumstantial use

Question 8

CNS stimulants

Answer 8

• amphetamine
• cocaine
• nicotine

Question 9

CNS depressants

Answer 9

• barbiturates
• alcohol
• inhalants
• benzodiazepines

Question 10

analgesics

Answer 10

• morphine

- codeine

Question 11

hallucinogens

Answer 11

• mescaline
• LSD
• psilocybin
• PCP
• Ketamine

Question 12

tolerance

Answer 12

decrease in potency with repeated administration of same dose

Question 13

cross-tolerance

Answer 13

tolerance to one drug in a class confers tolerance to others in that class

Question 14

dependence

Answer 14

withdrawal symptoms when drug use is terminated

Question 15

addiction/substance dependance

Answer 15

persistent use, even in the face of physical, psychological or social harm

Question 16

physical dependence model

Answer 16

• initial drug use
• repeated drug use
• physical dependence
• attempts at abstinence
• withdrawal symptoms
  
  • drug seeking behavior through a process of negative reinforcement.
• relapse

Question 17

disease (medical) model: susceptibility

Answer 17

addicts are born not made

- initial drug use > repeated drug use > loss of control

Question 18

disease (medical) model: exposure

Answer 18

chronic drug use leads to alterations in the brain responsible for loss of control and the other key features of addictive behavior

initial drug use > repeated drug use > altered brain function > loss of control

Question 19

ventral tegmental area

Answer 19

nucleus accumbens dopamine system is strongly implicated in mediating drug reward

Question 20

mesolimbic dopamine sytem

Answer 20

activated by rewarding stimuli eg food, sex and by addictive drugs, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and alcohol

Question 21

hippocampus and amygdala

Answer 21

responsible for memories of pleasure - people, places and activities associated with use

Question 22

prefrontal cortex

Answer 22

impairments mediate long-term changes involved in loss of control, relapse

Question 23

how do we know dopamine is released

Answer 23

• natural reinforcers release DA
• block the DA receptors; reduce reinforcing effects
• destroy DA cells; animals stop working for cocaine
• DA blockers are not abused

Question 24

repeated drug use may develop into chronic drug use that can become compulsive and result in addiction

Answer 24

• frontal lobe is profoundly altered by chronic drug abuse
• cortical hypo frontality
• fewer dopamine receptors in the NAc than normal and lower metabolic rate in the frontal lobe

Question 25

hypotrontality develops with chronic use

Answer 25

• reduced activity of frontal cortical structures
• normally, these structures control executive functions through glutamatergic projections back to the NAc and VTA
• brain of a cocaine user shows reduced metabolic activity of frontal lobe compared to that of a non-user

Question 26

decreased dopamine in addicted brains

Answer 26

brain images showing decreased dopamine (D2) receptors in the brain of a person addicted to cocaine versus a nondrug user
the dopamine system is important for conditioning and motivation and alterations such as this are likely responsible in part for the diminished sensitivity to natural rewards that develops with addiction

Question 27

as a result of chronic drug use, natural rewards become _____ pleasurable and release less dopamine despite _______ _____ in dopaminergic transmission than normal

Answer 27

less; greater response

Question 28

frontal cortex becomes inherently ____ active and less responsive to normal rewards, but it is ______ in response to drugs or stimuli that predict drugs

Answer 28

less; overactive

Question 29

memory of positive effects of a drug provides the motivation for compulsive use, and is believed to be responsible for relapse

Answer 29

this memory is mediated by the amygdala and hippocampus

Question 30

over time, stimuli that “predict” drugs produce a greater response in the ___ pathway than the rewarding stimuli themselves

Answer 30

reward

Question 31

such conditioned or learned responses could elicit powerful _____ sensations in the frontal cortex

Answer 31

craving