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BMS 212 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Sterilization

A

Removal or destruction of all microbes

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2
Q

Disinfection

A

Destroying vegetative cells on inanimate objects; 5% bleach solution

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3
Q

Sanitization

A

Cleansing technique on inanimate surfaces; public health code

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4
Q

Antiseptic

A

Chemicals applied to animate surfaces; not as toxic

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5
Q

Degermination

A

Cleansing procedures used on animare surfaces; implies use of rigor

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6
Q

Germicide

A

Chemical agents used on animate and inanimate surfaces; target pathogens

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7
Q

Decontamination

A

Catch-all phrase; destruction, removal, reduction

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8
Q

Thermal death time

A

Shortest time to kill at a set temperature

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9
Q

Thermal death point

A

Temperature required to kill in a set time (ex. 10 minutes)

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10
Q

Burning/incineration

A

Oxidizes all organic material

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11
Q

Steam under pressure

A

Moist heat
Action: coagulating and permanently denaturing proteins; destroy membranes
Uses: heat resistant material; waste
Drawbacks: powders, oils, moisture repelling materials

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12
Q

Boiling

A

Uses: disinfection and sanitization
Goal: reduce/kill vegetative cells

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13
Q

Pasteurization

A

Uses: disinfection and sterilization
Goal: microbial load of pathogens
Types: flash method, ultra-high method

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14
Q

Dry heat

A

Action: dehydration and oxidation of cell components
Limitations: time and temperature
Uses: powders and oils; glassware and metallic instruments susceptible to rust

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15
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

Advantages: no heat, very rapid, excellent penetration
Types: cathode rays, gamma rays
Uses: break covalent bonds of DNA, oxidizes other bonds, generate toxic radicals

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16
Q

Nonionizing radiation

A

Action: create pyrimidine dimers
Drawbacks: poor penetration
Uses: treatment of liquids

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17
Q

Phenols

A

Actions: denature proteins, disrupt cell walls and membranes, disinfectant, minimal/specific antiseptic
Advantages: -cidal, broad soectrum, active in organic loads, activity over prolonged time
Disadvantages: wont’t destroy spores, toxicity, resistance

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18
Q

Halogens

A

Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine

Action: strong oxidizers of sulfhydryl bonds on proteins

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19
Q

Chlorine

A

Disinfectant
Disadvantages: susceptible to organic load, pH, light
Elemental chlorine: large scale water, purification
Chloramines: water purification, antiseptic at low concentrations
Hypochlorites (bleach): broad use, chances of resistance are low
Chlorine oxide: gas disinfection

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20
Q

Iodine

A

Advantages: less susceptible to organic load, can be mixed with water or alcohol, wound treatment or pre-cleaning
Disadvantages: stain easily, allergies/irritant
Uses: iodophors - complex of iodine with a neutral polymer

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21
Q

Alcohols

A

Ethanol and isopropyl
Degerming agent
Low intermediate disinfection
Action: concentration has to be greater than 50% but less than 100%, dissolve membranes, coagulate proteins
Advantages: enveloped viruses, nonirritating, cheap
Drawbacks: evaporation, inhalation

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22
Q

Hydrogen peroxide

A

High level disinfectant
Action: form hydroxyl radicals
Uses: 3% concentration- antiseptic, most common form, not for spores; 35% concentration- vapor and liquid sporicidal, true sterilant

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23
Q

Aldehydes

A

Cross-link proteins and DNA, shuts down function
Advantages: high potency in organic matter, lab and medical settings, noncorrosive
Disadvantages: high toxicity, basic instability with high pH or temperature
Types: glutaraldehyde (liquid sterilant, carcinogenic), formaldehyde (high-level disinfectant, carcinogenic)

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24
Q

Selective toxicity

A

Target the microbes not the host, complement host defenses, no cross reactions

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25
Q

Penicillin

A

B-lactam ring, thiazolidine ring, variable side chain
Mode of action: bacteriocidal, targets logarithmically growing populations
Spectrum of activity: multiple kinds

26
Q

Penicillin G

A

Narrow spectrum
Bacteriocidal
Advantages: narrow spectrum > targets G+, low cost, easily reach effective concentration, low toxicity
Disadvantages: resistance (b-lactamase - cuts ring), injection - acid labile so has trouble getting past stomach, allergies

27
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Broad spectrum
Kills a lot of gut bacteria (diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain)
Used most often in children
Great absorption (orally)
Ready distribution
Uses: respiratory infection, ear infection
Extension of use: B-lactamase inhibitors; clavulonic acid > augmentin
Toxicity: rashes, hives, diarrhea or vomiting, increase yeast infections, anaphylactic shock, death

28
Q

Cephalosporins

A

B-lactam structure, 2 R groups
Spectrum: -cidal, transpeptidase bonding (broad)
Toxicity: same as penicillin > lower chance of allergies
Admin: injection

29
Q

Cephalexin (Keflex)

1st gen cephalosporin

A

Oral administration

Skin/soft tissue infections, UTIs

30
Q

Cefaclor (Keflor)

2nd generation

A

Increased resistance to B-lactamase
Injection or orally if fasting
Respiratory, skin/soft tissue, abdominal, gynecological infection

31
Q

Rocephin (ceftriaxone)

3rd generation

A

High resistance to B-lactamase
Resistant enterics
Broad spectrum
Can cross blood brain barrier

32
Q

Cefepime (maxipime)

4th generation

A

High resistance to B-lactamase

Nosocomial pneumonia

33
Q

Isoniazid

A 
Synthetic drug
Mode of action: prevents synthesis of mycolic acid
Very narrow spectrum 
Administration: orally or injection
Combination use: rifampin, streptomycin
34
Q

Streptomycin

A

Amino glycosides
Broad spectrum
Mode of action: bind to 16S rRNA; block 1st tRNA
Toxicity: permanent deafness
Uses: tuberculosis, bubonic plague, tularemia

35
Q

Tetracycline

A

-static
Broad spectrum
Mode of action: block the A site
Side effects: stain developing teeth, interfere with bone development, interfere with birth control, GI havoc, degrade over time
Uses: penetrate tissues easily, orally, most types of infection

36
Q

Macrolides - erythromycin

A

Bacteriostatic except under high doses
Naturally produced
Mode of action: bind to 50S protein and stalls translocation
Can be given orally
Uses: upper respiratory infection, B-lactam sensitivities

37
Q

Rifampin

A

Narrow spectrum, Gram positive, acid fast
Mode of action: block RNA polymerase inhibition
Uses: oral or injection, synergism, preventative
Toxicity: minimal, interferes with birth control

38
Q

Fluoroquinolones and quinolones

A

Broad spectrum
Target DNA gyrase
Administration: highly absorbed, orally
Uses: UTIs, STDs, GI, soft tissue/skin, respiratory
Side effects: nerve damage, seizures, tendon damage

39
Q

Cell membrane antibiotics

A

Mode of action: inserts into membrane
Narrow spectrum
Administration/use: poor absorption; eye, ear, wound
Toxicity: neurons and kidneys

40
Q

Sulfamides and trimethoprim

A

Broad spectrum
Mode of action: synergism
Uses: dysentery, UTIs, respiratory, bladder, protozoan infections
Toxicity: allergies

41
Q

Mechanism 1: limiting access of the antibiotic

A
  1. Outer membrane porins: 2 membranes, may allow in through porins into periplasm, don’t allow fully into cell
  2. Active efflux: in process of hydrolyzing ATP, pump antibiotic out of cell
  3. Reduced uptake across cytoplasmic membrane
42
Q

Mechanism 2: enzymatic inactivation of the drugs

A
  1. B-lactamases: cut B-lactam rings, now penicillin resistant
  2. Modifying enzymes: attaches acetyl, phosphoryl, or adenyl groups to drug target, can’t bind
43
Q

Mechanism 3: modification or protection of target

A
  1. Cell wall modification: RNA polymerase and DNA gyrase - point mutation, drug can’t bind
  2. Ribosome protection
  3. rRNA methylation: 23S rRNA > erythromycin resistant
  4. DNA synthesis modification
44
Q

Mechanism 4: antibiotic tolerance

A

In log phase, as soon as antibiotic introduced > stationary phase
Stay in stationary phase until drug reduced > back to log phase

45
Q

Exoenxymes

A

Mucinase: digests protective coating on mucous membranes
Hyaluronidase: digest hyaluronic acid
Coagulase: causes of clotting in blood and plasma

46
Q

Exotoxins

A

Mainly Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
High toxicity
Protein or short peptide

47
Q

Endotoxin

A

Gram-negative bacteria
Lipid A
Nonspecific effects

48
Q

Reticuloendothelial system

A

Network of connective tissue that forms network between circulatory system and lymphatic systems

49
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis: digestion, degradative chemicals

Trap pathogens: NETs

50
Q

Eosinophils

A

Bone marrow and spleen: highest concentration
Attack and destroy large eukaryotic pathogens
Inflammation and allergic reactions
Phagocytosis occurs but not primary role

51
Q

Basophils

A

Allergic reactions: histamine, serotonin, heparin

Inflammation > attract other immune components

52
Q

Monocytes/macrophage

A

Long-lived, still multiply, fixed vs transient

Roles: phagocytosis, process and present antigen, communication

53
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Type of macrophage

Trap cells/bacteria, move to lymph nodes/spleen for better communication

54
Q

B cells

A

Humoral immunity, develop into plasma cell

55
Q

T cells

A

Cell-mediated immunity, memory and recognition

56
Q

TNF

A

Nonspecific mediator

Increases chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and production of other inflammatory cytokines and fever

57
Q

Interferon

A

Inhibits viral replication, turns on other lymphocytes

58
Q

Interleukins 1 and 2

A

Activates macrophage, T and B cells

59
Q

Histamine

A

Causes vasodilation, increased permeability, and mucous production

60
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Inflammatory stimulator

61
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability

BMS 212 (1 decks)

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