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Geology > Exam #3 (11/5) > Flashcards

Exam #3 (11/5) Flashcards

1
Q

Where do we find volcanoes?

A
  • convergent boundaries
  • divergent boundaries
  • hot spots
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2
Q

What comes out of volcanoes?

A
  • dust
  • ash
  • cinders
  • block and bombs
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3
Q

volcanic bomb:

A
  • elongated shape
  • tear drop
  • bigger than cinder
  • > 64mm
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4
Q

volcanic blocks:

A
  • mostly rounded

- 65 mm

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5
Q

What is a fumarole?

A

small vents that emit only gases and smoke

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6
Q

What is lava?

A

molten materials present at Earth’s surface

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of lava?

A
  1. Aa

2. Pahoehoe

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8
Q

dissolved gases:

A

As pressure is reduced, the gases escape

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9
Q

Aa lava flow:

A

Rough texture, due to gases still being present when solidifying

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10
Q

Pahoehoe:

A

smoother, “ropey” texture

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11
Q

Lava viscosity

A
  • aka thickness of lava
  • higher viscosity= greater resistance to flow
  • silica content can change viscosity
  • (increase silica, increase viscosity)
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12
Q

Lava viscosity will effect what?

A
  • the explosiveness of a volcano

- gas content

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13
Q

Mafic explosion:

A
  • low explosion

- low viscosity

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14
Q

Felsic explosion:

A
  • extremely explosive

- high viscosity

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15
Q

Crater:

A

summit depression < 1km diameter

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16
Q

Caldera:

A
  • summit depression > 1km diameter

- produced by collapse following massive explosion

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17
Q

vent:

A

opening to the magma chamber

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18
Q

Shield Volcano:

A
  • largest
  • made of basalt
  • low gas content
  • low explosiveness/ viscosity
  • ex. Mauna Loa
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19
Q

Cinder Cone Volcano:

A
  • Around 500m high and 500m in diameter
  • very short life spans (weeks to months)
  • only one eruption cycle
  • high gas pressure
  • basalt, pumice
  • moderately explosive
  • ex. South of Young Valley, AZ
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20
Q

Conical Composite Volcano (Strato)

A
  • layered from multiple eruptions
  • long lived
  • continental subduction zones
  • felsic lava with a lot of gas
  • high viscosity/gas pressure
  • highly explosive
  • ex. Mt Saint Helens, Mt vesuvius
  • found around pacific plate
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21
Q

lava domes

A
  • occur inside of existing volcanoes (mostly strato)
  • hot and unstable
  • ex. inside Mt. Saint Helens
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22
Q

Caldera

A
  • large magma body supports large region
  • sudden deflation from rapid expulsion
  • usually ends up as a significant depression
  • ex. Crater Lake & Long Valley caldera
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23
Q

Fissure eruption

A

“fountain but does not pile up enough to make a volcano

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24
Q

pyroclastic flows:

A
  • massive, hot as and dust cloud racing at speeds over 100 mph.
  • biggest killers from eruptions
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25
Q

pluton

A

cooled magma at depth

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26
Q

stock

A

pluton exposed over a small area

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27
Q

sill

A

horizontal, emplaced magma body

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28
Q

dike

A

cuts layers of rock at an angle

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29
Q

volcanic neck

A

exterior of volcano removed while internal pipe remains

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30
Q

xenoliths

A

pieces of “country rock” which fall into the magma body

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31
Q

Weathering

A

the breakdown of tock and minerals into smaller and smaller pieces

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32
Q

Erosion

A

the group of natural processes by which weathered materials are transported

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33
Q

What are the 3 main processes?

A
  • erosion
  • transport
  • deposition
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34
Q

siWhat is the major key to weathering and erosion?

A

Water

35
Q

Susceptibility to weathering is dependent on what?

A

the strength of molecular bonds

36
Q

rocks former at _____ temps are more likely to weather.

A

lower

37
Q

the _____ covalent bond tetrahedra, the ____ susceptible to weathering

A

less; more

38
Q

Parent material:

A

starting off, before weathering

39
Q

Daughter material:

A

comes from weathering of parent

40
Q

What do quartz break down to?

A

Quarts can only breakdown to quartz

41
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

when molten materials solidify

42
Q

Felsic rocks are not typically dark in content due to high iron content

A

False

43
Q

Karst topography

A

the dissolution of limestone by groundwater which produces cavernous areas below ground

44
Q

Which will weather at a faster rate, olivine or quarts?

A

Quartz: lower temperature,

45
Q

Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified based on their _____ composition

A

chemical

46
Q

bioturbation

A

life digging into sediments and rocks (animals, humans)

47
Q

List grades of coal in proper order (lowest to highest)

A
  • peat
  • lignite
  • bituminous
  • Anthracite
48
Q

What can feldspars and amphiboles be broken down into?

A

clay minerals

49
Q

Agents of transportation

A
  • water
  • wind
  • ice
  • anything that can move materials
50
Q

rounding:

A

corners of transported materials are knocked off as grains slam into each other

51
Q

sorting:

A

as things travel they come more well sorted based on grain size and density

52
Q

deposition

A

where transported materials end up
base level: lakes, ponds, local basins
ultimate base levels: ocean

53
Q

lithification

A

after deposition, rocks can be made through compaction and cementation

54
Q

pedogenesis

A

soil formation

55
Q

5 factors of pedogenesis:

A

parent material, time, climate, plants and animals, topography

56
Q

sedimentary rock:

A

rock made out of bits and pieces of other rocks

57
Q

diagnesis

A

chemical, physical, and biological changes that take place after sediments are deposited

58
Q

detrital sedimentary rocks, coarsest grain size

A
  • conglomerate (well-rounded)

- breccia (poorly rounded)

59
Q

detrital sedimentary rocks, moderate grain size

A

-sandstone

60
Q

detrital sedimentary rocks, fine grain size

A
  • siltstone

- shale

61
Q

2 common cements

A
  • calcium carbonate

- silica

62
Q

Chemical sedimentary rocks, silica

A

chert, flint, jasper, diatomite

63
Q

Chemical sedimentary rocks, evaporites

A

halite, gypsum

64
Q

stages of coal formation

A
  1. burial (peat)
  2. Greater burial (lignite)
  3. Metamorphism (bituminous)
  4. Stress (anthracite)
65
Q

depositional environment

A

The are characterized by similar physical processes that result in similar types of sediments being deposited; where sediments are deposited and make sedimentary rocks

66
Q

What are the two types of depositional environments?

A
  1. continental (non-marine)
  2. oceans (marine)
    - nearshore (waves)
    - offshore (currents)
67
Q

examples of continental depositional environments

A
  • deserts
  • alluvial fans
  • glacial deposits
  • rivers
68
Q

Where do we find reefs?

A

continental shelf in a continental margin

69
Q

bedding

A

when sediments of different grain sizes or compositions are deposited on top of one another

70
Q

connetic living:

A

larger grains are at the top

71
Q

laminated bedding

A

quiet, low-energy environment, usually no animals

72
Q

mixed bedding

A

mixed usually by animals

73
Q

what defines a sedimentary facies

A
  • the nature of the sediment
  • the sedimentary structure
  • what fossils used to liver there
74
Q

outcrops

A

exposed bed rock on earth’s surface

75
Q

The units sharing similarities in their heterogeneity:

A

-formations, members, beds, laminations

76
Q

Steno’s laws

A

rules for determining the order in which rocks were deposited in:

  1. superposition (stuff on top is newer than stuff on bottom)
  2. original horizontally
  3. lateral continuity
  4. principle of cross-cutting relationships
77
Q

What do fossils tell us?

A

age of rock, community dynamics, types of environment

78
Q

half-life

A

tome needed for 1/2 pf parent to decay

79
Q

Basalt

A

magic, extrusive, igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-rich lava

80
Q

Organic reefs

A

carbonate structures created by carbonate secreting organisms

81
Q

Continental shelf

A

located in the shallow waters off continental shores, where sedimentation is controlled by relatively gentle currents

82
Q

continental margin and slope

A

deeper waters at and off the edges of the continents where sediment is deposited by turbidity currents

83
Q

deep sea

A

floors of the deep ocean not affected by wave activity

Geology (4 decks)

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