Exam 3

Question 1

Cohesion

Answer 1

how ideas relate to each other. A good paper with proper cohesion is consistent and easy to understand

The use of transitional expressions and other devices to guide readers and show how the parts of a text (written or spoken) relate to one other.

Question 2

Sequential bilinguals

Answer 2

Those who acquire a second language after a foundation in their first language (second language is acquired after age 5)

Question 3

Cochlear implant

Answer 3

A device that includes a magnet and electrode array that is surgically implanted in the inner ear as well as an ear-level externally worn speech processor and microphone

Question 4

Decontextualized Language

Answer 4

Language used to refer to something not present in the immediate context

Consists of language that is understandable without con-textual support (e.g., things that support the meaning of the utterance). Meaning is conveyed only via linguistic cues.

Question 5

Code-mixing

Answer 5

The use of phonological, lexical, morphosyntactic, or pragmatic patterns from two languages in the same utterance or stretch of conversation

Question 6

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Answer 6

Permanent hearing loss is due to damage or

dysfunction in the inner ear (such as missing or damaged sensory cells (hair cells) in the cochlea)

Question 7

Masking

Answer 7

involves testing one ear while noise is introduced into the other ear. This allows for testing each ear separately.

Question 8

Langauge Loss

Answer 8

When the speech and language features of the first language are no longer utilized by the speaker because they hear and use less of the language over time.

Question 9

Audiogram

Answer 9

A standard graph for representing hearing sensitivity, in decibels hearing level (dB HL) as a function of frequency

Question 10

Mixed Hearing Loss

Answer 10

A conductive hearing loss that occurs in combination with a sensorineural hearing loss.

When bone-conduction thresholds are poorer than 20 dB HL and air-conduction thresholds are elevated by another 10 dB or more (an air-bone gap is present), then a ____________ is present.

Question 11

Hertz

Answer 11

the number of cycles (vibrations) that an object makes when put into motion

Question 12

Ossicles

Answer 12

Three tiny bones in the middle ear that transmit sounds to the cochlea (stapes, incus, and malleus)

Question 13

Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD)

Answer 13

a disorder in which school-age children have normal pure-tone audiograms, but have difficulty perceiving speech that is degraded in any way (such as by background noise, reverberation, competing signals in the contralateral ear, rapid rate of presentation, or filtering)

Question 14

Onset

Answer 14

An onset is the part of the syllable that precedes the vowel of the syllable (e.g., /s/ from the word sit).

Question 15

Language Dominance

Answer 15

when bilingual speakers are said to have greater skills in one language but not in the other. Dominance can vary by linguistic skill, environment, or context.

Question 16

Phonological awareness

Answer 16

Defined as children’s awareness of the sound structure of words. This awareness consists of the ability to notice and manipulate the sounds of a language, separately from the meaning of the word.

Question 17

Hearing aids

Answer 17

An electroacoustic device which typically fits in or behind the user’s ear and is designed to selectively amplify sound based on the user’s hearing loss for the sake of giving improved access to speech sounds.

Question 18

Language Proficiency

Answer 18

How well a language is spoken

Question 19

Cultural Broker

Answer 19

An individual, usually from a family’s cultural background, who can provide an “insider’s “information on that culture and aid in the interpretation of the family’s linguistic and nonlinguistic characteristics

Question 20

Tympanometry

Answer 20

A procedure conducted principally to assess middle-ear function (how well sound is conducted through the eardrum and ossicles), rather than a test of hearing.

Question 21

Conductive Hearing Loss

Answer 21

When hearing loss is due to problems with the ear canal, ear drum, or middle ear and its little bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes).

The most common cause is an ear infection. (otitis media)

Question 22

Pinna

Answer 22

the visible part of the ear

Question 23

Air Conduction

Answer 23

a method of transmitting sound through the outer and middle ear to the inner ear through an earphone (or other apparatus) delivering sound to the outer ear

Question 24

Expressive Language

Answer 24

The language an individual produces spontaneously. Expressive language skills consist of a variety of expressive skills, such as expressing words, ideas, and information.

Question 25

Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)

Answer 25

can be caused by a one-time exposure to an intense sound, such as an explosion, or by continuous exposure to loud sounds over an extended period of time in a noisy environment.

Question 26

Bilateral Hearing Loss

Answer 26

Hearing impairment in both ears

Question 27

Phonemic awareness

Answer 27

Ability to identify what sounds can be put together to form or break down words A subset of phonological awareness that allows children to hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes.

Question 28

Habilitative

Answer 28

meaning to make able to do something. Habilitative efforts are efforts and tools for success.

Question 29

Postlingual

Answer 29

Occurs after the development of language and/or speech

Question 30

Dynamic Assessment

Answer 30

an interactive approach to assessment that embeds intervention within the assessment process. This begins with a pretest, followed by intervention, and ending with a posttest. The goal of this is to determine the child’s response to intervention

Question 31

Bilingual

Answer 31

Bilingualism is defined as the ability to speak two languages fluently. It is not an absolute condition but rather a relative one. Bilingual individuals can be slightly bilingual or very bilingual. Bilingual skills reside on a continuum. Being bilingual does not mean that one is equally skilled in both languages.

Question 32

Digraphs

Answer 32

Words that have two consonants that make one sound

Question 33

Expository

Answer 33

Discourse that may be used to inform, to express facts, or to argue a point of view.

Question 34

Phonological Awareness

Answer 34

Refers to an individual's awareness of phonological structure, or sound structure, of words. It starts with an interest in the sounds in and with enjoyment of songs, rhymes, and chants

Question 35

Unilateral Hearing Loss

Answer 35

Single-sided deafness or hearing loss with normal hearing in one ear and impaired hearing in the other ear.

Question 36

Rime

Answer 36

The vowel and the rest of the syllable that follows

Question 37

Confidence Intervals

Answer 37

give an estimated range of values, which is likely to include an unknown population parameter or the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data

Question 38

Print Awareness

Answer 38

Knowledge that the printed word carries a message, including but not limited to the meaning and function of the printed word, recognition of words and letters, and terminology.

Question 39

Evidence-Based Practice

Answer 39

The integration of clinical expertise, expert opinion, external scientific evidence, and client/patient/caregiver perspectives to provide high quality services reflecting the interests, values, needs, and choices of the individuals we serve.

Question 40

FM educational amplification systems

Answer 40

may be used in classrooms to improve the amount by which the teacher's voice exceeds the background noise

Question 41

Prelingual

Answer 41

Occurs before the development of language and/or speech. Typically the period between birth and 13 months

Question 42

Acceleration

Answer 42

interdependence can serve to speed up, can occur in bilingual speech and language acquisition along with deceleration

Question 43

Multilingual

Answer 43

Proficient in 2 or more languages (sometimes understood as proficiency in 3 or more languages)

Question 44

Cochlea

Answer 44

located in the inner ear, the spiral cavity of the inner ear that produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations

Question 45

Hair Cells

Answer 45

The sensory receptors of the auditory system. The hair cells transfer sound information to the auditory nerve.

Question 46

Bone conduction

Answer 46

A method of transmitting sound to the inner ear by mechanically vibrating the bones of the skull, thereby bypassing the outer and middle ear.

Question 47

Receptive Language

Answer 47

How well a child comprehends or understands language

Question 48

Emergent Literacy

Answer 48

the period when preschoolers learn about print, before they actually learn to read; includes the skills and knowledge about literacy that a child acquires before learning to read (such as knowing that the print of a page contains information about the story)

Question 49

Phonics

Answer 49

A method of breaking up words into individual sounds before blending them back together again. This involves the relationship between sounds and their spellings.For example, tapping out the syllables in the word cat and having the child say "c a t" is beneficial in their reading and phonological development.

Question 50

Sensitivity

Answer 50

1. The ability to detect the presence of a signal; e.g., hearing loss exists when there is diminished sensitivity to the sounds heard at intensity levels consistent with normal hearing. 2. The percentage of individuals correctly identified with a disorder.

Question 51

Otitis media

Answer 51

- fluid buildup causing inflammation or infection of middle ear; "ear infection" - most common cause of conductive hearing loss

Question 52

Simultaneous Bilingualism

Answer 52

who acquire both languages from birth & before the age of about 5 years are known to be undergoing bilingual first-language acquisition

Question 53

Decibels (dB)

Answer 53

unit for expressing the relative | intensity (loudness) of sounds

Question 54

Modifiability

Answer 54

describes a child’s responsiveness to intervention; how child responds to and uses new information, the quantity and quality of effort needed to make a change, the transfer of goals, or the overgeneralization of new skill

Question 55

English-language learners

Answer 55

Individuals who are learning English as another language.

Question 56

Dialogic reading

Answer 56

book sharing that is interactive and involves more than just reading books with a child encourages a gradual shift in the conversational roles of the adult and child during shared interactive reading

Question 57

Translator

Answer 57

Conveys information from one language to another (when the message is written) to assess a bilingual child

Question 58

interpreter

Answer 58

Conveys information from one language to another when the message is oral. Does not take the place of an SLP. The training of an interpreter should include verbal interaction, nonverbal cues, cultural affects, and contextual knowledge

Question 59

Deceleration

Answer 59

At certain points in development, bilingual children might demonstrate a lower rate of acquisition than their monolingual peers

Question 60

Metalinguistic Knowledge

Answer 60

Conscious linguistic awareness. Includes onset, rhymes, and individual phonemes. Ability to think about language as a whole. Essential for learning to read and write.

Question 61

Interactional Dual Systems Model

Answer 61

This model assumes that bilingual children develop distinct linguistic systems for each language.

Question 62

Bilingual First-Language Acquisition

Answer 62

Simultaneous bilinguals that acquire both languages from birth are known to be undergoing

Question 63

Language Use

Answer 63

How Often and with whom each language is used

Question 64

Dialect

Answer 64

book definition: a rule-governed variant of a language, such as African American English // how I would explain it: an extension of a certain language that cannot be considered its own because it is similar to its “mother language” but has enough variability and differences that it can be considered separate from that “mother language”

Question 65

Text Structure

Answer 65

The way written text is organized. Knowledge of text structure supports comprehension of the text.

Question 66

Myths

Answer 66

Traditional stories that consist of events that serve to explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon

Question 67

Minimal Hearing Impairment (MHI)

Answer 67

A hearing loss of 16 to 25 dB HL has been proposed | to be classified as a minimal hearing impairment

Question 68

Specificity

Answer 68

Measures the proportion of positives that are correctly identified as such and the proportion of negatives that are correctly identified as such. For example, the percentage of individuals correctly identified as typically developing.

Question 69

Narrative

Answer 69

A verbal description of events which is longer than a single utterance. This possess a structure that aids children’s understanding of stories.

Question 70

Culturally and linguistically diverse

Answer 70

Denotes not only those who are acquiring more than one language but also those who might be using more than one dialect (i.e., a rule-governed variant of a language, such as Appalachian English).

Question 71

Figurative Language

Answer 71

Non-literal phrases con-sisting of idioms, metaphors, similes, and proverbs.

Question 72

Limited English Proficient

Answer 72

Term used to describe a student who is limited in English proficiency and has not yet masted English in the four domain: reading, writing, listening, and speaking

Question 73

Cross-Linguistic Effects

Answer 73

The bi-directional influence of one language on the other in bilingual speech and language production.

Question 74

Dual language learners

Answer 74

A term for children who are acquiring more than one language (other terms are limited English proficient, non-English proficient, culturally and linguistically diverse, bilingual, etc)

Question 75

Coherence

Answer 75

Involves interpreting the meaning of a context or situation by considering all aspects of a situation, along with any previous knowledge that relates to an event.

Question 76

Fluency

Answer 76

1. The ability to read a text quickly, accurately, and with proper expression. This involves the ability to read with little effort and without conscious attention to the mechanics of reading. 2. The ability to speak, read, and/or write without difficulty.

Question 77

Transfer

Answer 77

The generalization of new skills.

Question 78

Modifiability

Answer 78

This describes a child’s responsiveness to intervention. This information consists of how the child responds to and uses new information, the quantity and quality of effort needed to make a change, the transfer of goals, or the generalization of new skills.