Exam 3 Flashcards
Cohesion
how ideas relate to each other. A good paper with proper cohesion is consistent and easy to understand
The use of transitional expressions and other devices to guide readers and show how the parts of a text (written or spoken) relate to one other.
Sequential bilinguals
Those who acquire a second language after a foundation in their first language (second language is acquired after age 5)
Cochlear implant
A device that includes a magnet and electrode array that is surgically implanted in the inner ear as well as an ear-level externally worn speech processor and microphone
Decontextualized Language
Language used to refer to something not present in the immediate context
Consists of language that is understandable without con-textual support (e.g., things that support the meaning of the utterance). Meaning is conveyed only via linguistic cues.
Code-mixing
The use of phonological, lexical, morphosyntactic, or pragmatic patterns from two languages in the same utterance or stretch of conversation
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Permanent hearing loss is due to damage or
dysfunction in the inner ear (such as missing or damaged sensory cells (hair cells) in the cochlea)
Masking
involves testing one ear while noise is introduced into the other ear. This allows for testing each ear separately.
Langauge Loss
When the speech and language features of the first language are no longer utilized by the speaker because they hear and use less of the language over time.
Audiogram
A standard graph for representing hearing sensitivity, in decibels hearing level (dB HL) as a function of frequency
Mixed Hearing Loss
A conductive hearing loss that occurs in combination with a sensorineural hearing loss.
When bone-conduction thresholds are poorer than 20 dB HL and air-conduction thresholds are elevated by another 10 dB or more (an air-bone gap is present), then a ____________ is present.
Hertz
the number of cycles (vibrations) that an object makes when put into motion
Ossicles
Three tiny bones in the middle ear that transmit sounds to the cochlea (stapes, incus, and malleus)
Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD)
a disorder in which school-age children have normal pure-tone audiograms, but have difficulty perceiving speech that is degraded in any way (such as by background noise, reverberation, competing signals in the contralateral ear, rapid rate of presentation, or filtering)
Onset
An onset is the part of the syllable that precedes the vowel of the syllable (e.g., /s/ from the word sit).
Language Dominance
when bilingual speakers are said to have greater skills in one language but not in the other. Dominance can vary by linguistic skill, environment, or context.
Phonological awareness
Defined as children’s awareness of the sound structure of words. This awareness consists of the ability to notice and manipulate the sounds of a language, separately from the meaning of the word.
Hearing aids
An electroacoustic device which typically fits in or behind the user’s ear and is designed to selectively amplify sound based on the user’s hearing loss for the sake of giving improved access to speech sounds.
Language Proficiency
How well a language is spoken
Cultural Broker
An individual, usually from a family’s cultural background, who can provide an “insider’s “information on that culture and aid in the interpretation of the family’s linguistic and nonlinguistic characteristics
Tympanometry
A procedure conducted principally to assess middle-ear function (how well sound is conducted through the eardrum and ossicles), rather than a test of hearing.
Conductive Hearing Loss
When hearing loss is due to problems with the ear canal, ear drum, or middle ear and its little bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes).
The most common cause is an ear infection. (otitis media)
Pinna
the visible part of the ear
Air Conduction
a method of transmitting sound through the outer and middle ear to the inner ear through an earphone (or other apparatus) delivering sound to the outer ear
Expressive Language
The language an individual produces spontaneously. Expressive language skills consist of a variety of expressive skills, such as expressing words, ideas, and information.
Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)
can be caused by a one-time exposure to an intense sound, such as an explosion, or by continuous exposure to loud sounds over an extended period of time in a noisy environment.
Bilateral Hearing Loss
Hearing impairment in both ears
Phonemic awareness
Ability to identify what sounds can be put together to form or break down words
A subset of phonological awareness that allows children to hear, identify, and manipulate phonemes.
Habilitative
meaning to make able to do something.
Habilitative efforts are efforts and tools for success.
Postlingual
Occurs after the development of language and/or speech
Dynamic Assessment
an interactive approach to assessment that embeds intervention within the assessment process. This begins with a pretest, followed by intervention, and ending with a posttest. The goal of this is to determine the child’s response to intervention
Bilingual
Bilingualism is defined as the ability to speak two languages fluently. It is not an absolute condition but rather a relative one. Bilingual individuals can be slightly bilingual or very bilingual. Bilingual skills reside on a continuum. Being bilingual does not mean that one is equally skilled in both languages.
Digraphs
Words that have two consonants that make one sound
Expository
Discourse that may be used to inform, to express facts, or to argue a point of view.
Phonological Awareness
Refers to an individual’s awareness of phonological structure, or sound structure, of words. It starts with an interest in the sounds in and with enjoyment of songs, rhymes, and chants
Unilateral Hearing Loss
Single-sided deafness or hearing loss with normal hearing in one ear and impaired hearing in the other ear.
Rime
The vowel and the rest of the syllable that follows
Confidence Intervals
give an estimated range of values, which is likely to include an unknown population parameter or the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data
Print Awareness
Knowledge that the printed word carries a message, including but not limited to the meaning and function of the printed word, recognition of words and letters, and terminology.
Evidence-Based Practice
The integration of clinical expertise, expert opinion, external scientific evidence, and client/patient/caregiver perspectives to provide high quality services reflecting the interests, values, needs, and choices of the individuals we serve.
FM educational amplification systems
may be used in classrooms to improve the amount by which the teacher’s voice exceeds the background noise
Prelingual
Occurs before the development of language and/or speech. Typically the period between birth and 13 months
Acceleration
interdependence can serve to speed up, can occur in bilingual speech and language acquisition along with deceleration
Multilingual
Proficient in 2 or more languages (sometimes understood as proficiency in 3 or more languages)
Cochlea
located in the inner ear, the spiral cavity of the inner ear that produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations
Hair Cells
The sensory receptors of the auditory system. The hair cells transfer sound information to the auditory nerve.
Bone conduction
A method of transmitting sound to the inner ear by mechanically vibrating the bones of the skull, thereby bypassing the outer and middle ear.
Receptive Language
How well a child comprehends or understands language
Emergent Literacy
the period when preschoolers learn about print, before they actually learn to read; includes the skills and knowledge about literacy that a child acquires before learning to read (such as knowing that the print of a page contains information about the story)
Phonics
A method of breaking up words into individual sounds before blending them back together again. This involves the relationship between sounds and their spellings.For example, tapping out the syllables in the word cat and having the child say “c a t” is beneficial in their reading and phonological development.
Sensitivity
- The ability to detect the presence of a signal; e.g., hearing loss exists when there is diminished sensitivity to the sounds
heard at intensity levels consistent with normal hearing. - The percentage of individuals
correctly identified with a disorder.
Otitis media
- fluid buildup causing inflammation or infection of middle ear; “ear infection”
- most common cause of conductive hearing loss
Simultaneous Bilingualism
who acquire both languages from birth & before the age of about 5 years are known to be undergoing bilingual first-language acquisition
Decibels (dB)
unit for expressing the relative
intensity (loudness) of sounds
Modifiability
describes a child’s responsiveness to intervention; how child responds to and uses new information, the quantity and quality of effort needed to make a change, the transfer of goals, or the overgeneralization of new skill
English-language learners
Individuals who are learning English as another language.
Dialogic reading
book sharing that is interactive and involves more than just reading books with a child
encourages a gradual shift in the conversational roles of the adult and child during shared interactive reading
Translator
Conveys information from one language to another (when the message is written) to assess a bilingual child
interpreter
Conveys information from one language to another when the message is oral. Does not take the place of an SLP. The training of an interpreter should include verbal interaction, nonverbal cues, cultural affects, and contextual knowledge
Deceleration
At certain points in development, bilingual children might demonstrate a lower rate of acquisition than their monolingual peers
Metalinguistic Knowledge
Conscious linguistic awareness. Includes onset, rhymes, and individual phonemes. Ability to think about language as a whole. Essential for learning to read and write.
Interactional Dual Systems Model
This model assumes that bilingual children develop distinct linguistic systems for each language.
Bilingual First-Language Acquisition
Simultaneous bilinguals that acquire both languages from birth are known to be undergoing
Language Use
How Often and with whom each language is used
Dialect
book definition: a rule-governed variant of a language, such as African American English //
how I would explain it: an extension of a certain language that cannot be considered its own because it is similar to its “mother language” but has enough variability and differences that it can be considered separate from that “mother language”
Text Structure
The way written text is organized. Knowledge of text structure supports comprehension of the text.
Myths
Traditional stories that consist of events that serve to explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon
Minimal Hearing Impairment (MHI)
A hearing loss of 16 to 25 dB HL has been proposed
to be classified as a minimal hearing impairment
Specificity
Measures the proportion of positives that are correctly identified as such and the proportion of negatives that are correctly identified as such. For example, the percentage of individuals correctly identified as typically developing.
Narrative
A verbal description of events which is longer than a single utterance. This possess a structure that aids children’s understanding of stories.
Culturally and linguistically diverse
Denotes not only those who are acquiring more than one language but also those who might be using more than one dialect (i.e., a rule-governed variant of a language, such as Appalachian English).
Figurative Language
Non-literal phrases con-sisting of idioms, metaphors, similes, and proverbs.
Limited English Proficient
Term used to describe a student who is limited in English proficiency and has not yet masted English in the four domain: reading, writing, listening, and speaking
Cross-Linguistic Effects
The bi-directional influence of one language on the other in bilingual speech and language production.
Dual language learners
A term for children who are acquiring more than one language
(other terms are limited English proficient, non-English proficient, culturally and linguistically diverse, bilingual, etc)
Coherence
Involves interpreting the meaning of a context or situation by considering all aspects of a situation, along with any previous knowledge that relates to an event.
Fluency
- The ability to read a text quickly, accurately, and with proper expression. This involves the ability to read with little effort and without conscious attention to the mechanics of reading. 2. The ability to speak, read, and/or write without difficulty.
Transfer
The generalization of new skills.
Modifiability
This describes a child’s responsiveness to intervention. This information consists of how the child responds to and uses new information, the quantity and quality of effort needed to make a change, the transfer of goals, or the generalization of new skills.
