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Applied Kinesiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Posture defined

A

position the body adapts in order to maintain a horizontal gait

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2
Q

Primary curves in spine (as babies) vs secondar curves as we age and start to stand?

A

primary: thoracic and sacral kyphosis
secondary: cervical and lumbar lordosis

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3
Q

Plum lines are aligned with

A 
EAM
acromion
thorax
posterior to hip
anterior midline of knee
anterior ankle joint
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4
Q 
Sway back posture: 
Head
Neck
Thoracic
Lumbar
Pelvis
Hip
Knees
A

forward

slightly extended

flexion/posterior

flattened

posterior/neutral

hyperextended

hyperextended

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5
Q

Handedness pattern:
Shoulders
Arms
Pelvis

A

dominant side is lower
dominant side is lower
dominant side is elevated

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6
Q

Upper crossed syndrome (forward head and rounded shoulders) shortened muscles:

Lengthened muscles:

A

short: SCM, pecs, upper trap/lev scap
long: middle, lower trap, serratus ant, deep neck flexors

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7
Q

Scoliosis is named for side of

A

convexity

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8
Q

Concave side in scoliosis muscles will be …. and convex side muscles will be…

A

short

lengthened

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9
Q

Highest velocity in gait?

Lowest?

A

just before double support

at mid-stance

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10
Q

One gait cycle…

A

right initial contact to right initial contact

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11
Q

During gait, center of mass exhibits a ….curve.

Vertically it creates….. in one gait cycle and side-to-side it creates ….in one gait cycle.

A

sinusoidal

2 sine waves

1 sine wave

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12
Q

During vertical gait what stance is the highest point on the sinus curve? What is the lowest point?
Side-to-side gait which stances make up the curves?

A

mid-stance

double support

mid-stance on left and right

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13
Q

What are the 6 determinants of gait?

A

pelvic rotation in transverse plane

lateral pelvic tilt

lateral shift

knee flexion

ankle DF

heel rise

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14
Q

Pelvic rotation in transverse plane during gait has about …-….degrees of total motion and advances … on the side of the advancing limb.

A

6-10

anteriorly

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15
Q

Lateral pelvic tilt during gait has about a …. inch pelvic drop on the swing side. If it is greater than 1 inch what does this indicate?

A

1

weak glute med and min on opposite side (Trendelenburg gait)

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16
Q

Lateral shift during gait is towards….. side and has …-… inch shift.

A

weight-bearing

1-2

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17
Q

Knee flexion happens in …. part of gait about …-…. degrees.
Foot and ankle motion has …. degrees of DF.
Heel rise is during which stance?

A

early in stance
15-20

10 degrees

terminal

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18
Q

Stance phase makes up what percentage of gait cycle?

Swing phase?

A

60%

40%

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19
Q

Stance phases of gait cycle:

A 
Initial contact
loading response
mid-stance
terminal stance
pre-swing
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20
Q

Swing phases of gait?

A

initial swing
mid-swing
terminal swing

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21
Q 
Initial contact of gait is when.... 
This is a period of ..... 
Hip's degree of flexion...
Knee's degree of flexion...
Ankle's degree of flexion...
A

when the foot hits the ground

double support

20-35

0-5

neutral

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22
Q 
Loading response phase of gait is .....
This is when the foot .....
It is a period of .....
Hip's degree of flexion:
Knee's degree of flexion:
Ankle's degree of flexion:
A

immediately after initial contact until the opposite extremity leaves the ground

is flat

double support

20

15

0-5 of plantarflexion

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23
Q 
Mid-stance phase of gait begins.....
Ends.....
This is where the body....
It is a period of ....
Hip's position:
Knee's degree of flexion:
Ankle's degree of flexion:
A

when contralateral limb leaves the ground

when body is directly over supporting limb

progresses over the foot

single limb support

neutral to extension

0-5

5 of dorsiflexion

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24
Q 
Terminal stance comes after .... and just prior to .... 
This is where the body ....
It is a period of ...
Hip's degree of extension:
Knee's degree of flexion:
Ankle's degree of flexion:
What happens to the heel here?
A

mid-stance

contact of opposite limb

progresses past forefoot

single limb support

20

0-5

10

heel rises

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25
Q 
Pre-swing begins when .....
Ends when.... (includes ...)
Period of ....
Hip's degree of extension:
Knee's degree of flexion:
Ankle's degree of flexion:
MTP's degree of extension:
A

opposite limb contacts the ground

just prior to lift off

toe off

double support

0-10

45

20 PF

70

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26
Q 
Initial swing phase is from ....
This is the ..... phase
The .... begins to advance.
Foot ..... the ground. 
Hip's degree of flexion:
Knee's degree of flexion:
Ankle's degree of flexion:
A

when the limb leaves the ground to maximum knee flexion

acceleration

thigh

clears

15

max about 60

5 of plantarflexion

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27
Q 
Mid-swing phase is from .... to ..... 
Thigh continues to advance. 
Hip's degree of flexion:
Knee's degree of flexion:
 Ankle's degree of flexion:
A

max knee flexion

tibia is vertical

25

25 to extension

neutral

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28
Q

Terminal swing phase is from …. to ….
This is where leg reaches to achieve ….
Hip’s degree of flexion:
Knee’s degree of flexion:
Ankle’s degree of flexion:

A 
tibia vertical 
just prior to initial contact 
step length
20
5
neutral
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29
Q

Average cadence

A

110

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30
Q

Single support percentage

Double

A

40%

20%

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31
Q

Average gait speed

A

1.37 meters/sec or 3 mph

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32
Q

Stride length is measured from … to … of the …. foot. Average distance.

A

heel strike to heel strike of same foot

144 cm

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33
Q

Step length is distance measured from … of …. foot to …. of measured foot.
Average

A

heel strike
other
72 cm

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34
Q

Step width is the distance measured between…

Average

A

two lines drawn between the midline of each foot during gait

8-10 cm

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35
Q

Step angle is the distance measured….

Average

A

between two lines middle of heel to middle of second toe parallel to direction of gait
5-7 degrees

36
Q

Moment definition

A

application of force at a distance from a point of pivot

37
Q

Moment’s result in

A

rotation around stationary point

38
Q

Moments are created by

A

ground reaction forces

39
Q

Moments depend on the ground reaction force vector’s ….

A

position relative to the joint motion axis of rotation

40
Q

Moments will influences which muscles need to engage to keep the joint from collapsing…

A

eccentrically

41
Q

During initial contact the ground reaction force will be … to hip joint causing a … moment.
The muscles working here would be …. and they are acting ….

A

anterior

flexion

hip extensors

eccentrically

42
Q

During initial contact, ground reaction forces will be …. to knee causing a …. moment.
Muscles working here are …. working ….

A

anterior

extension

hamstrings

eccentrically

43
Q

During initial contact, the ground reaction force will be … to ankle, so the moment will be ….
The muscles at play will be …. working …..

A

posterior

plantarflexion

dorsiflexors (tib anterior)

eccentrically

44
Q

During initial contact, the ground reaction force will be … to subtalar creating a …. moment.
The muscles acting will be … working ….

A

lateral

pronation

posterior tibialis

eccentrically

45
Q

During loading response, the ground reaction forces will be … to hip creating a …. moment.
Muscles working here are…. and …. working ….

A

anterior

flexion

hip extensors and abductors (glute med and max)

eccentrically

46
Q

During loading response, the ground reaction force will be …. to knee creating a …. moment.
The muscles acting will be ….

A

posterior

flexion

quads

47
Q

During loading response, the ground reaction force will be … to ankle creating a … moment.
Muscles acting will be ….

A

posterior

PF

dorsiflexors (tib anterior)

48
Q

During loading response, the ground reaction force will be …. subtalar joint creating …. moment.
Muscles at work will be ….

A

lateral

Pronation

posterior tib

49
Q

During Mid-stance, ground reaction force will be …. hip creating …. moment.
Muscles working here will be…

A

posterior

extension

hip flexors and glute med (isometric)

50
Q

During mid-stance, ground reaction force will be … knee creating … moment.
Muscles at work here …

A

anterior

extension

little muscle activity needed

51
Q

During mid-stance phase, ground reaction forces will be …. ankle creating a …. moment.
Muscles at work here are …

A

anterior

DF

soleus

52
Q

During mid-stance, ground reaction forces will be …. subtalar creating a ….moment.
Muscles at work here …..and which way?

A

lateral

pronation

posterior tib

concentrically

53
Q

During terminal stance, ground reaction force will be …. hip creating a …. moment.
Muscles at work here…

A

posterior

extension

hip flexors and glute med (isomentrically)

54
Q

During terminal stance, ground reaction forces will be …. knee creating a …. moment.
Muscles at work here are …

A

anterior

extension

hamstrings

55
Q

During terminal stance, ground reaction forces will be … ankle creating a …. moment.
Muscles at work are…

A

anterior

DF

soleus

56
Q

During terminal stance, ground reaction forces will be … .subtalar creating a …. moment.
Muscles at play will be ….

A

medial

supination

peroneals

57
Q

During pre-swing, ground reaction force will be … hip creating a …. moment.
Muscles at work here are…and they work which way?

A

posterior

extension

hip flexors

concentrically

58
Q

During pre-swing, ground reaction forces will be .. knee creating a … moment.
Muscles at play here are ….

A

posterior

flexion

quads

59
Q

During pre-swing, ground reaction forces will be … ankle creating a … moment.
Muscles at play and how?

A

anterior

DF

soleus and gastroc

Concentrically

60
Q

During pre-swing, ground reaction forces will be …. subtalar causing a …. moment.
Muscles at play …

A

medial

supination

peroneals

61
Q

Contents of nucleus pulposus

A 
mucoid
few fibrocytes and chondrocytes
type II collagen 
elastin fibers
70-90% water 
proteoglycans
chondrocytes
62
Q

Annular fibrosis is comprised of …. rings.
Type …collagen.
Outer has more …. while inner has more….
Fibers are positioned at … degrees to horizontal alternating layers.
Designed to resist …, …. and ….forces.

A

15-25

I

collagen

water

30

distraction

shear

torsional

63
Q

Vertebral endplate have …caps.
Help to hold …. in place.
Layers of annular fibrosis …. into endplate.
Endplate …. to vertebral body.

A

cartilaginous

disc

fuse

fuses

64
Q

Facet joints are … joints.
Cervical facets are oriented more ….
Lumbar 1-4 are oriented in what plane?
Lumbar 5-S1 oriented in what plane?

A

synovial

45 degree angle between frontal and transverse planes

sagittal

frontal

65
Q

During flexion in the lumbar spine, which direction does the vertebral body rock?
Inferior facets of superior segment glides … and …
Disc compresses …
…..ligament is stretched.
Intervertebral foramen …

A

anterior

superiorly and anteriorly

anteriorly

posterior ligaments

enlarges

66
Q

During lumbar extension, vertebral body rocks ….
Inferior facets of superior segment glide …. and ….
Disc is compressed ….
….ligaments stretched.
Intervertebral foramen …

A

posterior

inferiorly and posteriorly

posteriorly

anterior

narrows

67
Q

Axial rotation of lumbar spine is termed by ….
Direction is a point on the ….
Fyettes law says in a neutral spine, rotation and sidebend are coupled in ….

A

superior segment

anterior vertebral body

opposite directions

68
Q

Sacrohorizontal angle is normally….
Results in …..shear forces in addition to compression forces.
supports …., …. ,….

A

40

increased

anterior longitudinal ligament

iliolumbar ligament

wide facets

69
Q

Nutation is related to ….

Base moves relative to …

A

anterior sacral tilt

ilium

70
Q

Counternutation is ….

A

posterior sacral tilt

71
Q

Iliosacral motion:

Rotation occurs in … where ASIS is … and PSIS is … in anterior rotation.

A

sagittal plane

low

high

72
Q

Iliosacral motion:
Upslip and downslip occurs in … plane.
Upslip is where ASIS and PSIS are ….
Downslip is where ASIS and PSIS are…

A

frontal

high on one side

low on one side

73
Q

Iliosacral motion:
Inflare and outflare occurs in …plane.
Inflare is where ASIS is …. to midline and PSIS is ….
Outflare is where ASIS is … to midline and PSIS is ….

A

transverse

closer to

further from

further from

closer to

74
Q

The pubic symphysis is a …,….joint.

A

synarthrotic, cartilaginous

75
Q

In the thoracic spine, the facets transition head to tail from a more … orientation with … tilt, to a …. orientation with … tilt.

A

frontal plane

anterior

sagittal plane

no

76
Q

In the cervical spine, during flexion, the superior segment inferior facets glide … and ….
During extension, they glide …. and ….
During lateral flexion on the concave side glide… and … and on the convex side glide … and ….
During rotation facets on ipsilateral side glide … and on contralateral side glide …

A

superiorly/anteriorly

inferiorly/posteriorly

inferior and slight posterior

anterior and superior

inferior

superior

77
Q

In the cervical spine, rotation and side-bending are coupled in the ….

A

same direction

78
Q

In the cervical spine, vertebral foramen opening is increased with …

A

flexion
left lateral flexion
left roation

79
Q

TMJ is a …joint

A

synovial

80
Q

What movements occur at TMJ?

A

rotation and translation

81
Q

TMJ structures

A

mandibular condyles and mandibular fossa

articular disk

ligaments

82
Q

TMJ disk and mandibular condyle move …. during translation.
During protrusion/retrusion mandible slides …..
During left lateral excursion the left TMJ becomes a …. and the right glides….
During depression there is …. rotation and …. translation (opposite for elevation)

A

together

downward/upward

pivot point

anteriorly and medially

early posterior rotation and late anterior/inferior translation

83
Q

Capital extension tests what muscles?

A 
RCP major/minor 
OC inf/sup
splenius capitis
longissimus capitis 
semispinalis capitis
84
Q

Cervical extension tests what muscles?

A

splenius
longissimus
semispinalis cervicis
iliocostalis cervicis

85
Q

Capital flexion tests what muscles?

A

rectus capitis anterior
lateralis
longus capitis

86
Q

Cervical flexion tests what muscles?

A

SCM
anterior scalenes
longus colli

Applied Kinesiology (4 decks)

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