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Psychology 362 - Cognitive Neuroscience > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

______ waves are a relaxed state with eyes closed.

A

Alpaha

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2
Q

EEG is generated in the ____________.

A

Cortex

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3
Q

____________ cells are the most abundant cell type in the cortex—the main building block

A

Pyramidal

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4
Q

Pyramidal cells are the ______________ neuron that uses glutamate to send out excitatory projections.

A

Projection

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5
Q

______________ dendrites extend from the soma (cell body) towards the upper cortical layers.

A

Apical

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6
Q

______________ dendrites extend from the base of the soma.

A

Basal

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7
Q

Most synaptic contacts are located on the ______________ spine.

A

Dendritic

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8
Q

Electrical processes in the ______________.

A

Neuron

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9
Q

Chemical processes in the ______________.

A

Synapse

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10
Q

Resting membrane potential is around _____mV

A

-70mV

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11
Q

A ____________ cell involves fast and brief changes in the resting membrane potential and a separation of ions (Na+, Cl- outside, K+ anions inside)

A

Polarized

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12
Q

____________ force is when the concentration gradient drives Na+ flow into the cell and drives K+ to flow out of the cell

A

Diffusion

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13
Q

____________ force is what opposes the concentration gradient, such as when the K+ is positively charged and is repulsed by the positive charges outside the cell.

A

Electrical

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14
Q

____________ is the point of communication between two cells.

A

Synapse

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15
Q

____________ effects involve glutamate, acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine

A

Excitatory

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16
Q

____________ effects (hyperpolarization - the cell is less likely to fire) involve GABA

A

Inhibitory

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17
Q

Neurotransmitter effects are terminated by d____________ of enzymes, r____________ into the presynaptic cell, and d____________ away from the synapse.

A

Degradation, reuptake, diffusion

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18
Q

____________ is the difference in electrical charge between two points.

A

Potential

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19
Q

The _______-_______ ____________ brings in oxygen, water, and nutrients and takes away waste.

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

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20
Q

____________ cells form the lining of capillaries and are characterized by tight junctions between them, which means that they pass only small molecules through, or those that are lipid-soluble

A

Endothelial

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21
Q

A ____________ cell is more likely to fire an action potential.

A

Depolarized

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22
Q

A ____________ cell is less likely to fire an action potential.

A

Hyperpolarized

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23
Q

________-__________ pumps help restore neuron to its resting potential.

A

Sodium-potassium

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24
Q

Summation of postsynaptic potentials can be ____________ if they overlap in time.

A

Temporal

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25
Q

Summation of postsynaptic potentials can be ____________ if they are close in space.

A

Spatial

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26
Q

If postsynaptic potentials overlap in time and space, the are mostly excitatory and they will ____________ the membrane and trigger an action potential.

A

Depolarize

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27
Q

Postsynaptic potentials are relatively ____________ (tens of milisec) which makes it possible for them to overlap in time and summate.

A

Slow

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28
Q

If a postsynaptic potential does not reach threshold, there is no ____________ ____________.

A

Action Potential

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29
Q

____________ the measure of potential energy generated by separate charges.

A

Voltage

30
Q

____________ means the ions (charges) are separated so there is a potential for the ions (charges) to move along the gradient.

A

Potential

31
Q

____________ is the flow of electrical charge - due to the movement of charged ions.

A

Current

32
Q

____________ is formed by two poles with opposing charges.

A

Dipole

33
Q

____________ is the area with negative charges.

A

Sink

34
Q

____________ is the area with positive charges.

A

Source

35
Q

“Sink “ and “Source” describes current flows from an area with ____________ charge towards the area with ____________ charge.

A

Positive, Negative

36
Q

Pyramidal cels in the cortex are aligned into a ____________ (they are parallel to each other).

A

Palisade

37
Q

EEG is typically recorded from ____ or ____ electrodes.

A

32, 64

38
Q

Electrodes are positioned on the scalp based on the International ___-__ ____________ system.

A

10-2 Montage

39
Q

EEG measures the potential difference between the ____________ and ____________ electrodes.

A

Active (near active area of interest), Reference (far from active area of interest)

40
Q

Ground electrode ____________ noise that is common to active and reference electrodes. Its placement is not crucial.

A

Eliminates

41
Q

EEG is recorded as a ____________ signal.

A

Continuous

42
Q

Sleep is characterized by higher threshold to ____________ stimulation, for example, we can only hear very loud sounds.

A

Sensory

43
Q

Wakefulness is characterized by high levels of ____________ activity, where we communicate openly with the world around us.

A

Sensorimotor

44
Q

____________ is a “wakefulness master” because it is highest during a wakeful state.

A

Histamine

45
Q

Two main types of sleep are ________ and ____________ sleep.

A

NREM, REM

46
Q

_______ transitions from alpha (8-12 hz) tobeta (4-7 hz); this is a period of drowsiness, some twitches ad jerks, hallucinations

A

N1 NREM Stage 1

47
Q

_____ is a true sleep state; 40-50% sleep time - motor activity decreases; spindles and K-complexes

A

N2

48
Q

____ is REM sleep (slow wave sleep) delta waves (0.5-2 hz); memories encoded by hippocampus are distributed to the neocortex for long-term consolidation.

A

N3

49
Q

The first REM sleep occurrs about ___-___min after we fall asleep.

A

70-90min

50
Q

____________ is characterized by excessive arousal state; often treated with sleeping pills.

A

Insomnia

51
Q

EEG epochs are ____________ in a manner that is time-locked to an event onset across many trials.

A

Averaged

52
Q

____________ is when the brain response is evoked by a stimulus.

A

Signal

53
Q

____________ is background (spontaneous, random) brain activity such as eye-blinks and muscle movements.

A

Noise

54
Q

____________ is the level of noise that is usually elevated in the period before the stimulus onset in the averaged ERP.

A

Baseline

55
Q

________-___-________ expresses the relative strength of the signal compared to noise.

A

Signal-to-Noise (SNR)

56
Q

Early latency is peaking before _____ms primarily depending on the sensory features

A

100

57
Q

Late latency is peaking after ___ms; increased iinfluence of cognitive processes (attention, meaning)

A

150

58
Q

Only the ____________ stimuli evoke a large positivity (p3 or p300), NOT frequents

A

Oddball

59
Q

Semantic __________ is when there is sensitivity at N400 to meaning and congruence with context.

A

Mismatch

60
Q

The Face Recognition task involves recognizing previously memorized faces in a series of randomly presented faces, studying ________ expression and _________.

A

emotional, gender

61
Q

N170 does NOT distinguish between ____________ and ____________ faces because the memory system has not been engaged yet.

A

Repeated, Novel

62
Q

N250 is the earliest index of ____________/memory.

A

Repetiton

63
Q

N400 is greater to novel faces, and is elicited by ____________ stimuli such as words and faces.

A

Meaningful

64
Q

________ ____________ complex is greater to repeated faces.

A

Late Positive

65
Q

N___ is the earliest deflection that is sensitive to faces.

A

170

66
Q

N170 is larger to ________ than other images.

A

Faces

67
Q

Smaller N170 amplitude to ________ faces, compared to inverted or misaligned/composite faces.

A

Upright

68
Q

N250 is the earliest index of ____________ engagement and the recognition process, often followed by the N400, which characterizes ____________ processing and integration with the context.

A

memory, semantic

69
Q

____________ seizures (57%) most common, start in one part of the brain.

A

Partial (Focal)

70
Q

____________ ____________ seziures is when consciousness is preserved; person is alert and remembers what happened during the seizure.

A

Simple Partial

71
Q

____________ ____________ (36% of seizures) is when consciousness is impaired and the person is not aware of what is happening during the seizure.

A

Complex Partial

72
Q

__________ seizures involve both hemispheres of the brain, such as absent and tonic-clonic seizures.

A

Generalized

Psychology 362 - Cognitive Neuroscience (2 decks)

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