Exam #3 Flashcards
______ waves are a relaxed state with eyes closed.
Alpaha
EEG is generated in the ____________.
Cortex
____________ cells are the most abundant cell type in the cortex—the main building block
Pyramidal
Pyramidal cells are the ______________ neuron that uses glutamate to send out excitatory projections.
Projection
______________ dendrites extend from the soma (cell body) towards the upper cortical layers.
Apical
______________ dendrites extend from the base of the soma.
Basal
Most synaptic contacts are located on the ______________ spine.
Dendritic
Electrical processes in the ______________.
Neuron
Chemical processes in the ______________.
Synapse
Resting membrane potential is around _____mV
-70mV
A ____________ cell involves fast and brief changes in the resting membrane potential and a separation of ions (Na+, Cl- outside, K+ anions inside)
Polarized
____________ force is when the concentration gradient drives Na+ flow into the cell and drives K+ to flow out of the cell
Diffusion
____________ force is what opposes the concentration gradient, such as when the K+ is positively charged and is repulsed by the positive charges outside the cell.
Electrical
____________ is the point of communication between two cells.
Synapse
____________ effects involve glutamate, acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine
Excitatory
____________ effects (hyperpolarization - the cell is less likely to fire) involve GABA
Inhibitory
Neurotransmitter effects are terminated by d____________ of enzymes, r____________ into the presynaptic cell, and d____________ away from the synapse.
Degradation, reuptake, diffusion
____________ is the difference in electrical charge between two points.
Potential
The _______-_______ ____________ brings in oxygen, water, and nutrients and takes away waste.
Blood-Brain Barrier
____________ cells form the lining of capillaries and are characterized by tight junctions between them, which means that they pass only small molecules through, or those that are lipid-soluble
Endothelial
A ____________ cell is more likely to fire an action potential.
Depolarized
A ____________ cell is less likely to fire an action potential.
Hyperpolarized
________-__________ pumps help restore neuron to its resting potential.
Sodium-potassium
Summation of postsynaptic potentials can be ____________ if they overlap in time.
Temporal
Summation of postsynaptic potentials can be ____________ if they are close in space.
Spatial
If postsynaptic potentials overlap in time and space, the are mostly excitatory and they will ____________ the membrane and trigger an action potential.
Depolarize
Postsynaptic potentials are relatively ____________ (tens of milisec) which makes it possible for them to overlap in time and summate.
Slow
If a postsynaptic potential does not reach threshold, there is no ____________ ____________.
Action Potential
____________ the measure of potential energy generated by separate charges.
Voltage
____________ means the ions (charges) are separated so there is a potential for the ions (charges) to move along the gradient.
Potential
____________ is the flow of electrical charge - due to the movement of charged ions.
Current
____________ is formed by two poles with opposing charges.
Dipole
____________ is the area with negative charges.
Sink
____________ is the area with positive charges.
Source
“Sink “ and “Source” describes current flows from an area with ____________ charge towards the area with ____________ charge.
Positive, Negative
Pyramidal cels in the cortex are aligned into a ____________ (they are parallel to each other).
Palisade
EEG is typically recorded from ____ or ____ electrodes.
32, 64
Electrodes are positioned on the scalp based on the International ___-__ ____________ system.
10-2 Montage
EEG measures the potential difference between the ____________ and ____________ electrodes.
Active (near active area of interest), Reference (far from active area of interest)
Ground electrode ____________ noise that is common to active and reference electrodes. Its placement is not crucial.
Eliminates
EEG is recorded as a ____________ signal.
Continuous
Sleep is characterized by higher threshold to ____________ stimulation, for example, we can only hear very loud sounds.
Sensory
Wakefulness is characterized by high levels of ____________ activity, where we communicate openly with the world around us.
Sensorimotor
____________ is a “wakefulness master” because it is highest during a wakeful state.
Histamine
Two main types of sleep are ________ and ____________ sleep.
NREM, REM
_______ transitions from alpha (8-12 hz) tobeta (4-7 hz); this is a period of drowsiness, some twitches ad jerks, hallucinations
N1 NREM Stage 1
_____ is a true sleep state; 40-50% sleep time - motor activity decreases; spindles and K-complexes
N2
____ is REM sleep (slow wave sleep) delta waves (0.5-2 hz); memories encoded by hippocampus are distributed to the neocortex for long-term consolidation.
N3
The first REM sleep occurrs about ___-___min after we fall asleep.
70-90min
____________ is characterized by excessive arousal state; often treated with sleeping pills.
Insomnia
EEG epochs are ____________ in a manner that is time-locked to an event onset across many trials.
Averaged
____________ is when the brain response is evoked by a stimulus.
Signal
____________ is background (spontaneous, random) brain activity such as eye-blinks and muscle movements.
Noise
____________ is the level of noise that is usually elevated in the period before the stimulus onset in the averaged ERP.
Baseline
________-___-________ expresses the relative strength of the signal compared to noise.
Signal-to-Noise (SNR)
Early latency is peaking before _____ms primarily depending on the sensory features
100
Late latency is peaking after ___ms; increased iinfluence of cognitive processes (attention, meaning)
150
Only the ____________ stimuli evoke a large positivity (p3 or p300), NOT frequents
Oddball
Semantic __________ is when there is sensitivity at N400 to meaning and congruence with context.
Mismatch
The Face Recognition task involves recognizing previously memorized faces in a series of randomly presented faces, studying ________ expression and _________.
emotional, gender
N170 does NOT distinguish between ____________ and ____________ faces because the memory system has not been engaged yet.
Repeated, Novel
N250 is the earliest index of ____________/memory.
Repetiton
N400 is greater to novel faces, and is elicited by ____________ stimuli such as words and faces.
Meaningful
________ ____________ complex is greater to repeated faces.
Late Positive
N___ is the earliest deflection that is sensitive to faces.
170
N170 is larger to ________ than other images.
Faces
Smaller N170 amplitude to ________ faces, compared to inverted or misaligned/composite faces.
Upright
N250 is the earliest index of ____________ engagement and the recognition process, often followed by the N400, which characterizes ____________ processing and integration with the context.
memory, semantic
____________ seizures (57%) most common, start in one part of the brain.
Partial (Focal)
____________ ____________ seziures is when consciousness is preserved; person is alert and remembers what happened during the seizure.
Simple Partial
____________ ____________ (36% of seizures) is when consciousness is impaired and the person is not aware of what is happening during the seizure.
Complex Partial
__________ seizures involve both hemispheres of the brain, such as absent and tonic-clonic seizures.
Generalized
