Exam 3 Flashcards
Define the gait cycle
From initial heel contact of one foot to heel contact of the same foot
- has 2 steps (L and R step)
gait cycle can also be called what?
stride
define stride length
distance between 2 successive heel contacts of the same foot
what is normal stride length for males?
1.52 m
what is normal stride length for females?
1.32 m
define step length
distance between successive heel contacts of 2 different feet
define degree of toe-out
angle between line of progression of the body and a line intersecting the center of the heel and second toe
what is a normal degree of toe out
5-7 degrees
define step width
lateral distance between heel centers of 2 consecutive foot contacts
what is average step width
7-10 cm
define stride time
time for a full gait cycle
define step time
time for completion of a R or L step
define cadence
- number of steps per min
- also describes as step rate
what is normal cadence for males
108 steps/min
what is normal cadence for females
118 steps/min
how do you define walking speed
- distance covered in a given amount of time
- about 3 mph
what is the best and most functional measurement of individuals walking ability?
walking speed
what is normal walking speed in males
1.37 m/sec
what is normal walking speed in females
1.30 m/sec
what % of the walking gait cycle is stance phase
60%
what % of the walking gait cycle is swing phase
40%
what % of the walking gait cycle is single-limb support
80%
what % of the walking gait cycle is double-limb support
20%
what % of the running gait cycle is stance phase
30%
what % of the running gait cycle is swing phase
70%
what % of the running gait cycle is single support phase
60%
what % of the running gait cycle is a float period
40%
what is the Rancho Los Amigos Terminology
- initial contact
- loading response
- midstance
- terminal stance
- pre swing
- initial swing
- mid swing
- terminal swing
what are the 3 functional tasks of gait
- weight acceptance
- single limb support
- swing limb advancement
what makes up the weight acceptance functional task of gait
- initial contact
- loading response
what makes up the single-limb support functional task of gait
- mid stance
- terminal stance
what makes up the swing limb advancement functional task of gait
- pre swing
- initial swing
- mid swing
- terminal swing
what does weight acceptance of gait do functionally
- forward progression
- stability
- shock absorption
what does single limb support of gait do functionally
- stability
- forward clearance
what does swing limb advancement of gait do functionally
- foot clearance
- limb advancement
during gait, in what ways is CoM displaced
- forward direction
- vertical direction
- side-to-side direction
what is the total vertical displacement during gait
about 5 cm
what is the total side-to-side displacement during gait
4 cm
what is the critical event of initial contact
heel first contact
what are the critical events of loading response
hip stability, controlled knee flexion, ankle plantarflexion
what is the critical event of mid stance
controlled tibial advancement
what is the critical event of terminal stance
controlled ankle dorsiflexion with heel rise
what are the critical events of pre swing
passive knee flexion to 40 degrees and ankle plantar flexion
what are the critical events of initial swing
hip flexion to 15 degrees and knee flexion to 60 degrees
what are the critical events of mid swing
further hip flexion to 25 degrees and ankle dorsiflexion to 0 degrees
what is the critical event of terminal swing
knee extension to neutral (possibly 5 degrees of flexion)
where does maximum hip extension occur?
terminal stance
how much hip flexion is needed for normal gait
30 degrees
how much hip extension is needed for normal gait
10 degrees
what is the function of the knee during gait
shock absorption
how much knee flexion occurs at pre swing
40 degrees
where does max knee flexion occur during gait
60 degrees of knee flexion during initial swing
how much dorsiflexion and plantar flexion are required during gait
10 degrees of dorsiflexion
20 degrees of plantar flexion
how much does the pelvis rotate during gait
10-15 degrees of pelvic on femoral adduction and abduction on the stance limb
how does the trunk move in gait?
opposite rotation from pelvic motion
what is the trunk total excursion during gait
7-9 degrees
what does hip forward rotation help with
increases greater step length than that of flexion without forward pelvic rotation
what is the function of the shoulder during gait
- oppose sagittal motion
- shoulder extension
- balances rotational forces
Horizontal plane pelvic strategy
- vertical
- reduced downward displacement of CoM
Sagittal plane ankle rotation strategy
- vertical
- reduced downward displacement of CoM
Stance phase knee flexion strategy
- vertical
- reduced upward displacement of CoM
Frontal plane pelvic rotation strategy
- vertical
- reduced upward displacement of CoM
Frontal plane hip rotation (step width)
- side to side
- reduces side to side excursion of CoM
what are the key roles of the hip extensors during gait
- initiate hip extension
- prepare LE for weight acceptance at beginning of stance
what are the key roles of the hip flexors during gait
- advance LE forward during initial swing
- lift LE to allow for toe clearance during swing
what are the key roles of the hip abductors during gait
- control the slight lowering of contralateral pelvis on side of swing limb
- provide pelvic stability in stance
what are the key roles of the hip adductors during gait
- assist with initiation of hip flexion after toe off
what are the key roles of the knee extensors during gait
- eccentrically control knee flexion in loading response
- concentrically to extend the knee
- support body in midstance
what are the key roles of the knee flexors during gait
- decelerate knee extension in prep for placement of foot on the ground
what are the key roles of the ankle dorsiflexors during gait
- eccentric to control plantar flexion
what are the key roles of the ankle plantar flexors during gait
- eccentric contraction moving into mid stance to control tibial advancement
what are the key roles of the ankle inverters during gait
- eccentric to control pronation until midstance
- concentrically contracts to supinate the foot for push-off in terminal stance and pre swing
what are the key roles of the ankle evertors during gait
- active as co-contraction to counter strong inversion
what is the center of pressure during gait
point where all the floor-foot forces act
define therapeutic exercise
systematic, planned performance of bodily movements, postures or physical actives intended to provide a patient with the means to :
- remediate or prevent impairments
- improve, restore, or enhance physical function
- optimize overall health status, fitness or sense of well-being
what are the aspects of physical function
- muscle performance
- cardiopulmonary/endurance
- mobility/flexibility
- neuromuscular control/coordination
- stability
- balance/postural equilibrium
when developing a therapeutic exercise program,
identify..
impairments and functional limitations
when developing a therapeutic exercise program,
develop…
goals to address impairments and functional limitations
when developing a therapeutic exercise program,
implement…
appropriate therapeutic exercises
when developing a therapeutic exercise program,
continually…
assess progress towards goals and profess program appropriately
what are the 4 common physical impairments managed with therapeutic exercise
- musculoskeletal
- integumentary
- neuromuscular
- cardiovascular/pulmonary
an effective therapeutic exercise program…
involves progressive overload and is constantly evolving
define strength training
lowering or controlling heavy loads (resistance) for a relatively low number of reps or over a short period of time
define power training
greater the intensity and shorter the time period taken to generate force = greatest muscle power
what component of power training is often most manipulated
speed
define endurance training
contract and lift or lower a light load for many reps or sustain a muscle contraction for an extended period of time
what is the overload principle
load exceeds the metabolic capacity of the muscle being applied
- focuses on progressive loading of a muscle manipulating intensity or volume
in the overload principle, when you increase intensity…
that leads to strength training
in the overload principle, when you increase volume…
leads to endurance training
what is the SAID principle
Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands
- emphasis on task-specific practice
what is the reversibility principle
adaptive changes due to strength, power or endurance training are transient
- to maintain adaptive changes a maintenance program is essential
- detraining will occur within 1-2 weeks after cessation of training
what are the patterns for strength training
isometric – concentric – eccentric
straight plane – lateral plane – cutting
What is the ROM/flexibility pattern
PROM – AAROM – AROM
