Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Functionalism
A
William james– For psychologist to have a lab
. Probed the functions and purposes of the mind
2
Q
Structuralism
A
Will helm wundt
. about introspection looking inward
. about the structures of the mind and mental process
3
Q
Psychodynamic approach
A
Doc emphasizes unconscious thought the, conflict between biological drives, and societies demands, and early childhood family experiences.
Founding father: Sigmund Freud
4
Q
Humanistic approach
A
.Emphasizes a person’s positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one’s destiny.
.altruism
.maslow’s hierarchy
5
Q
Correlation coefficient
A
. tells us the strength and direction of correlation between two variables
. negative correlation, while one goes up the other goes down
6
Q
Affront nerves
A
. Carry information to the brain and spinal cord
7
Q
Efferent nerves
A
. carries information away from the spinal cord and brain
8
Q
Central Nervous system
A
.made up of the brain and spinal cord
9
Q
Peripheral nervous system
A
. the network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to the other body parts
10
Q
Somatic nervous system
A
. Part of the peripheral nervous system
. purpose to convey information such as hot and pain from the skin and muscles to the brain and central nervous system
11
Q
Autonomic nervous system
A
.take messages to and from the body’s internal organs and monitors breathing, the heart, and digestion.
12
Q
Sympathetic nervous system
A
. arouses the body to mobilize it
13
Q
Parasympathetic nervous system
A
. Calms the body down
14
Q
Parts of the neuron (in order)
A
- Cell body
- Axon
- Dendrites
- Terminal button
15
Q
Synapses
A
. The tiny space b/w neurons
16
Q
Neurotransmitter
A
. also called terminal buttons they transfer information across a synaptic gap
17
Q
Cerebral cortex
A
Governs higher brain function such as thinking learning and consciousness
18
Q
Pituitary gland
A
Governs all glands in the body and how they put out
19
Q
Amygdala
A
Involved with fear and discrimination of objects necessary for survival
20
Q
Hippocampus
A
Involved in memory
21
Q
Pons
A
Govern sleep and arousal
22
Q
Cerebellum
A
Involved with motor coordination
23
Q
Medulla
A
Governs breathing and reflexes
24
Q
Reticular formation
A
Involves stereotyped patterns such as walking
25
Hypothalamus
Governs eating, drinking, and sex; plays a role and emotion and stress
26
Thalamus
Relays information between lower and higher brain
27
Cornea
A clear membrane just in front of the eyes and the lens, it is somewhat flexible, disk-like structure filled with the gelatin like material talk
28
Fovea
. the tiny area in the retina where the vision is the best
29
Retina
Converts electromagnetic energy into impulses for processing in the brain
30
Chiasm
Chapter 3
31
Optic nerve
The axons and ganglion cells that carry the visual information to the brain for further processing
32
Stages of sleep
Stage1: drowsy sleep with myoclonic jerk
2: no longer consciously aware of the environment and sleep spindles
3&4: referred to as delta sleep- the deepest sleep
5: REM sleep or rapid eye movement sleep part of sleep where dreams occur
. each cycle takes 90 to 100 minutes
33
Depressants
. psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity
34
Opiates
Depress the central nervous system's activity
35
Stimulants
Psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity
36
Hallucinogens
Psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.
37
Behaviorism
. the theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors and mental activity such as wishing and thinking
.chapter 5.
38
Systematic desensitization
. associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety – producing situations
39
Operant conditioning
Learning The consequences of certain behaviors
40
Positive reinforcement
The increasing of a behavior because of something given
41
Negative reinforcement
Increasing of the behavior because of something taken away
42
Positive punishment
Where a behavior decreases because something unpleasant is given
43
Negative punishment
Where something decreases because something pleasant is taken away
44
Memory: encoding
The process by which information gets into memory storage
45
Sensory memory
Holds info very briefly in order to be cognitive in our environment
46
Short term memory
Holds information no longer than 30 seconds
47
Working memory
Allows us to perform cognitive task and hold information temporarily
. used for long-term memory retrieval
48
Long-term memory
Permanent memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long time
49
Explicit memory
Conscious recollection of memory such as events, and information that can be verbally communicated.
50
Episodic memory
Information about life's happenings
51
Semantic memory
A person's knowledge about the world
52
In implicit memory
Memory without conscious recollection
53
Procedural memory
Involves memory of skills
54
Serial position effect
Tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of the list more readily than the middle
55
Prototype model
Referring to an object or concept with the most typical items in the category of "family resemblance"
56
Heuristics
Shortcuts that suggest a solution
| . Do not guarantee an answer
57
Algorithm
A problem solving strategy that is more long term
| . Guarantees a result
58
Subgoaling
Setting intermediate goals or problems that work towards main goal
59
Inductive reasoning
Reasoning from specific to general
60
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning from general to specific
61
Confirmation bias
Tendency to search for information that supports you
62
Hindsight bias
Tendency to report falsely after-the-fact
63
Availability heuristic
Refers to the prediction of the probability of an event based on imagining and/or recalling similar events
64
Representativeness heuristic
Tendency to make judgment about group members based on their stereotype
65
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Adjusting schemes in children
. Sensorimotor stage:motor skills and object permanence
. Preoperational stage: concepts of conservation and being reversible and egocentric
. concrete operational stage: placing intuitive and logical reasoning in situations
. Formal operational stage: more abstract and logical than concrete operational thought
66
Accommodation
To adjust schemas to the environment
67
Object permanence
The crucial accomplishments of understanding objects continue to exist when they're "out of site"
68
Conservation
The belief of permanence of certain attributes despite superficial changes
69
Egocentric ism
Cannot put self in other person's shoes
70
Terkel-Dodson law
Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal too low or too high and performance decreases
71
The two main classes of sex hormones
Estrogen:predominant in females-produced by ovaries
| Androgen or testosterone: predominant in males produced by the testes in males
72
Maslow's hierarchy
(top to bottom)
1. self actualization
2. esteem
3. love and belongingness
4. physiological needs
73
Self determination theory
Asserts three basic organismic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy.
74
Intrinsic motivation
Based on internal factors
75
Extrinsic motivation
Involves external factors such as rewards or punishments.
76
James-Lange theory
Action then emotion
77
Cannon – Bard theory
Actions and emotions happen at the same time
78
Two – factor theory of emotion
Developed by Stanley Schachter & singer
| . emotion is determined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling
79
Facial feedback hypothesis
Facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them
80
Personality
A pattern of enduring, selective thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual reacts to the world
81
Psychodynamic perspectives
Personality in the unconcsiouness
82
Repression
Pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness.
83
Rationalization
Places a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one
84
Displacement
Shifts feelings from an unacceptable to an acceptable object
85
Sublimation
Replaces an unacceptable urge with an acceptable one.
86
Protection
Attributes personal short comings and problems to others
87
Reaction formation
Transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite
88
Denial
Refuses to acknowledge reality
89
Regression
Seeks security of an early developmental period In face of stress
90
Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development
Stage one: oral stage
stage II: anal stage
stage III: phallic stage -"penis"pleasure
stage four: latency period-a psychic time out
Stage V: genital stage- sexual reawakening
91
Horney's sociocultural approach
The need for security not sex is the primary motive of human existence
92
Jung's analytical theory
Collective unconscious- deepest layer of unconscious mind shared by all
.archetypes- images and ideas that have symbolic meaning
Minds role in personality
93
Adler's individual psychology
People are motivated by perfection not pleasure
. Purposes and goals
.to become superior and overcomes inferiority
.birth order influence on success
94
Rogers approach
We are all born with the same capabilities and a gut feeling.
.gut feelings evaluate whether experiences are good or bad for us.
.we want to be loved and valued.
95
Trait theories
Personalities consist of enduring dispositions(traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses
96
Big five factors of personality
One: openness -interested in new things
two: conscientiousness - organized/careful or not
three: extraversion - sociable
four: agreeableness -softhearted/trusting
five: neuroticism-calm/secure/self satisfied
97
Self-efficacy
Belief that one has the competence to accomplish a goal
98
Cognitive dissonance
The uneasy feeling when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do
99
Disordered behavior
Abnormal behavior: is deviant, maladaptive, or personally stressful over a relatively long period of time.
100
Axis I
All diagnostic. Ate bodies except personality and mental retardation.
101
Axis 2
Personality disorders and mental retardation
102
Axis 3
Gen. medical conditions
103
Axis 4
Psychosocial and environmental problems
104
Axis 5
Current level of functioning
105
Anxiety disorder
```
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Phobic disorder
OCD
Post-traumatic stress
```
106
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Anxiety-provoking thoughts that cause ritualistic behavior
107
Mood disorders
Depressive disorders with unrelenting lack of pleasure in life
108
Learned helplessness
Felling of powerlessness when exposed to aversive circumstances with no control
109
eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge eating disorder
. causes are sociocultural factors and genes
110
Dissociative disorders
. involve sudden loss of memory
| . example: Amnesia and multiple personality disorder or dissociative identity disorder
111
Personality disorder
Chronic maladaptive behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual's personality.
Example: antisocial personality disorder – characterized by guiltyness, lawbreaking, exploitation of others, and deceit.
112
Hallucinations
Sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli
113
Delusions
False and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture.
114
Borderline personality disorder
A pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions.
115
Drug therapy
Treatments to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of disorders by altering aspects of body functioning.
116
Electroconvulsive therapy
Used to set up a seizure in the brain, to change firings
117
Psycho surgery
Lobotomy
118
Psychotherapy
A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems
119
Psychodynamic therapies
An analytical therapy that uses psycho analysis to analyze a person's current problems through unconscious sexual conflicts or childhood memories
120
Humanistic therapy
People encouraged to understand themselves and grow personally
Example: client centered therapy – a warm supportive atmosphere
121
Behavior therapies
Learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior
122
REBT therapy
Masturbating
| By Albert Ellis
123
Beck's cognitive therapy
Learning to overcome automatic thoughts
Examples: perceiving the world as harmful while ignoring evidence, overgeneralization, magnifying importance of undesirable events, and engaging and absolutist thinking
124
Cognitive therapies
Emphasize that thoughts are source of of psychological problems and eat tempt to change by changing cognitions.
Example: cognitive restructuring – a general concept for changing a pattern of thought that is presumed to be maladaptive
125
Drive reduction theory
Need: energizes the drive to reduce deprivation
Drive: an aroused state
.as the drive becomes stronger, we want to eliminate it into homeostasis(equilibrium)
126
Broaden-and-Build model
.Fredrickson's model of positive emotion
| .Positive emotion effects ability to build resources
127
Circumplex model of mood and emotion
Valence and arousal level are independent dimensions that describe the fast number of emotional states.
Positive affect: happy emotions
Negative affect: angry and sad emotions
128
Factor analysis
Allows researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated
129
Psychology research and the empirical method
Psychologist or critical thinkers and empirical method means gaining knowledge through observation of events and logical reasoning
130
Levels of awareness
.Higher level consciousness – actively focusing efforts on attaining goals, most alert State
.lower level consciousness – automatic processing that requires little attention, daydreaming
.Altered states of consciousness – hypnosis, fatigue, drugs
. subconscious awareness – can occur when awake as well as sleeping, dreaming
. no awareness – unconscious thoughts laden with anxiety and negative emotions, too much for consciousness to admit
