Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology Study Guide > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Functionalism

A

William james– For psychologist to have a lab

. Probed the functions and purposes of the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Structuralism

A

Will helm wundt
. about introspection looking inward
. about the structures of the mind and mental process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

Doc emphasizes unconscious thought the, conflict between biological drives, and societies demands, and early childhood family experiences.
Founding father: Sigmund Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Humanistic approach

A

.Emphasizes a person’s positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one’s destiny.
.altruism
.maslow’s hierarchy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

. tells us the strength and direction of correlation between two variables
. negative correlation, while one goes up the other goes down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Affront nerves

A

. Carry information to the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Efferent nerves

A

. carries information away from the spinal cord and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Central Nervous system

A

.made up of the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

. the network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to the other body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

. Part of the peripheral nervous system

. purpose to convey information such as hot and pain from the skin and muscles to the brain and central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

.take messages to and from the body’s internal organs and monitors breathing, the heart, and digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

. arouses the body to mobilize it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

. Calms the body down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Parts of the neuron (in order)

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Axon
  3. Dendrites
  4. Terminal button
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Synapses

A

. The tiny space b/w neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

. also called terminal buttons they transfer information across a synaptic gap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Governs higher brain function such as thinking learning and consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Governs all glands in the body and how they put out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Amygdala

A

Involved with fear and discrimination of objects necessary for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pons

A

Govern sleep and arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cerebellum

A

Involved with motor coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Medulla

A

Governs breathing and reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Reticular formation

A

Involves stereotyped patterns such as walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Governs eating, drinking, and sex; plays a role and emotion and stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays information between lower and higher brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cornea

A

A clear membrane just in front of the eyes and the lens, it is somewhat flexible, disk-like structure filled with the gelatin like material talk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Fovea

A

. the tiny area in the retina where the vision is the best

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Retina

A

Converts electromagnetic energy into impulses for processing in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Chiasm

A

Chapter 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Optic nerve

A

The axons and ganglion cells that carry the visual information to the brain for further processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Stages of sleep

A

Stage1: drowsy sleep with myoclonic jerk
2: no longer consciously aware of the environment and sleep spindles
3&4: referred to as delta sleep- the deepest sleep
5: REM sleep or rapid eye movement sleep part of sleep where dreams occur
. each cycle takes 90 to 100 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Depressants

A

. psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Opiates

A

Depress the central nervous system’s activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Stimulants

A

Psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system’s activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Psychoactive drugs that modify a person’s perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Behaviorism

A

. the theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors and mental activity such as wishing and thinking
.chapter 5.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

. associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety – producing situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning The consequences of certain behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

The increasing of a behavior because of something given

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increasing of the behavior because of something taken away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Positive punishment

A

Where a behavior decreases because something unpleasant is given

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Negative punishment

A

Where something decreases because something pleasant is taken away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Memory: encoding

A

The process by which information gets into memory storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Sensory memory

A

Holds info very briefly in order to be cognitive in our environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Short term memory

A

Holds information no longer than 30 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Working memory

A

Allows us to perform cognitive task and hold information temporarily
. used for long-term memory retrieval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Long-term memory

A

Permanent memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Explicit memory

A

Conscious recollection of memory such as events, and information that can be verbally communicated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Episodic memory

A

Information about life’s happenings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Semantic memory

A

A person’s knowledge about the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

In implicit memory

A

Memory without conscious recollection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Procedural memory

A

Involves memory of skills

54
Q

Serial position effect

A

Tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of the list more readily than the middle

55
Q

Prototype model

A

Referring to an object or concept with the most typical items in the category of “family resemblance”

56
Q

Heuristics

A

Shortcuts that suggest a solution

. Do not guarantee an answer

57
Q

Algorithm

A

A problem solving strategy that is more long term

. Guarantees a result

58
Q

Subgoaling

A

Setting intermediate goals or problems that work towards main goal

59
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Reasoning from specific to general

60
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Reasoning from general to specific

61
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to search for information that supports you

62
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Tendency to report falsely after-the-fact

63
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Refers to the prediction of the probability of an event based on imagining and/or recalling similar events

64
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Tendency to make judgment about group members based on their stereotype

65
Q

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A

Adjusting schemes in children
. Sensorimotor stage:motor skills and object permanence
. Preoperational stage: concepts of conservation and being reversible and egocentric
. concrete operational stage: placing intuitive and logical reasoning in situations
. Formal operational stage: more abstract and logical than concrete operational thought

66
Q

Accommodation

A

To adjust schemas to the environment

67
Q

Object permanence

A

The crucial accomplishments of understanding objects continue to exist when they’re “out of site”

68
Q

Conservation

A

The belief of permanence of certain attributes despite superficial changes

69
Q

Egocentric ism

A

Cannot put self in other person’s shoes

70
Q

Terkel-Dodson law

A

Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal too low or too high and performance decreases

71
Q

The two main classes of sex hormones

A

Estrogen:predominant in females-produced by ovaries

Androgen or testosterone: predominant in males produced by the testes in males

72
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy

A

(top to bottom)

  1. self actualization
  2. esteem
  3. love and belongingness
  4. physiological needs
73
Q

Self determination theory

A

Asserts three basic organismic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy.

74
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Based on internal factors

75
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Involves external factors such as rewards or punishments.

76
Q

James-Lange theory

A

Action then emotion

77
Q

Cannon – Bard theory

A

Actions and emotions happen at the same time

78
Q

Two – factor theory of emotion

A

Developed by Stanley Schachter & singer

. emotion is determined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling

79
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

Facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them

80
Q

Personality

A

A pattern of enduring, selective thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual reacts to the world

81
Q

Psychodynamic perspectives

A

Personality in the unconcsiouness

82
Q

Repression

A

Pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness.

83
Q

Rationalization

A

Places a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one

84
Q

Displacement

A

Shifts feelings from an unacceptable to an acceptable object

85
Q

Sublimation

A

Replaces an unacceptable urge with an acceptable one.

86
Q

Protection

A

Attributes personal short comings and problems to others

87
Q

Reaction formation

A

Transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite

88
Q

Denial

A

Refuses to acknowledge reality

89
Q

Regression

A

Seeks security of an early developmental period In face of stress

90
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of personality development

A

Stage one: oral stage
stage II: anal stage
stage III: phallic stage -“penis”pleasure
stage four: latency period-a psychic time out
Stage V: genital stage- sexual reawakening

91
Q

Horney’s sociocultural approach

A

The need for security not sex is the primary motive of human existence

92
Q

Jung’s analytical theory

A

Collective unconscious- deepest layer of unconscious mind shared by all
.archetypes- images and ideas that have symbolic meaning
Minds role in personality

93
Q

Adler’s individual psychology

A

People are motivated by perfection not pleasure
. Purposes and goals
.to become superior and overcomes inferiority
.birth order influence on success

94
Q

Rogers approach

A

We are all born with the same capabilities and a gut feeling.
.gut feelings evaluate whether experiences are good or bad for us.
.we want to be loved and valued.

95
Q

Trait theories

A

Personalities consist of enduring dispositions(traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses

96
Q

Big five factors of personality

A

One: openness -interested in new things

two: conscientiousness - organized/careful or not
three: extraversion - sociable
four: agreeableness -softhearted/trusting
five: neuroticism-calm/secure/self satisfied

97
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Belief that one has the competence to accomplish a goal

98
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

The uneasy feeling when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do

99
Q

Disordered behavior

A

Abnormal behavior: is deviant, maladaptive, or personally stressful over a relatively long period of time.

100
Q

Axis I

A

All diagnostic. Ate bodies except personality and mental retardation.

101
Q

Axis 2

A

Personality disorders and mental retardation

102
Q

Axis 3

A

Gen. medical conditions

103
Q

Axis 4

A

Psychosocial and environmental problems

104
Q

Axis 5

A

Current level of functioning

105
Q

Anxiety disorder

A 
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Phobic disorder
OCD
Post-traumatic stress
106
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

Anxiety-provoking thoughts that cause ritualistic behavior

107
Q

Mood disorders

A

Depressive disorders with unrelenting lack of pleasure in life

108
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Felling of powerlessness when exposed to aversive circumstances with no control

109
Q

eating disorders

A

Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge eating disorder
. causes are sociocultural factors and genes

110
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

. involve sudden loss of memory

. example: Amnesia and multiple personality disorder or dissociative identity disorder

111
Q

Personality disorder

A

Chronic maladaptive behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual’s personality.
Example: antisocial personality disorder – characterized by guiltyness, lawbreaking, exploitation of others, and deceit.

112
Q

Hallucinations

A

Sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli

113
Q

Delusions

A

False and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual’s culture.

114
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

A pattern of instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions.

115
Q

Drug therapy

A

Treatments to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of disorders by altering aspects of body functioning.

116
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy

A

Used to set up a seizure in the brain, to change firings

117
Q

Psycho surgery

A

Lobotomy

118
Q

Psychotherapy

A

A nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems

119
Q

Psychodynamic therapies

A

An analytical therapy that uses psycho analysis to analyze a person’s current problems through unconscious sexual conflicts or childhood memories

120
Q

Humanistic therapy

A

People encouraged to understand themselves and grow personally
Example: client centered therapy – a warm supportive atmosphere

121
Q

Behavior therapies

A

Learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior

122
Q

REBT therapy

A

Masturbating

By Albert Ellis

123
Q

Beck’s cognitive therapy

A

Learning to overcome automatic thoughts
Examples: perceiving the world as harmful while ignoring evidence, overgeneralization, magnifying importance of undesirable events, and engaging and absolutist thinking

124
Q

Cognitive therapies

A

Emphasize that thoughts are source of of psychological problems and eat tempt to change by changing cognitions.
Example: cognitive restructuring – a general concept for changing a pattern of thought that is presumed to be maladaptive

125
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

Need: energizes the drive to reduce deprivation
Drive: an aroused state
.as the drive becomes stronger, we want to eliminate it into homeostasis(equilibrium)

126
Q

Broaden-and-Build model

A

.Fredrickson’s model of positive emotion

.Positive emotion effects ability to build resources

127
Q

Circumplex model of mood and emotion

A

Valence and arousal level are independent dimensions that describe the fast number of emotional states.
Positive affect: happy emotions
Negative affect: angry and sad emotions

128
Q

Factor analysis

A

Allows researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated

129
Q

Psychology research and the empirical method

A

Psychologist or critical thinkers and empirical method means gaining knowledge through observation of events and logical reasoning

130
Q

Levels of awareness

A

.Higher level consciousness – actively focusing efforts on attaining goals, most alert State
.lower level consciousness – automatic processing that requires little attention, daydreaming
.Altered states of consciousness – hypnosis, fatigue, drugs
. subconscious awareness – can occur when awake as well as sleeping, dreaming
. no awareness – unconscious thoughts laden with anxiety and negative emotions, too much for consciousness to admit

Psychology Study Guide (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions