Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Maternity > Exam 2 - week 9 > Flashcards

Exam 2 - week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is laboring down?

A

-(promotion of passive descent)
-alternative strategy for 2nd-stage management in women w epidurals.
-Using this approach, the fetus descends and is born w/o coached maternal
pushing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nursing education for 2nd stage of labor

A
  • Teach woman prenatally about benefits of upright positions
  • During labor, encourage woman to change positions frequently; suggested positions include squatting, semi-recumbent, standing, and upright kneeling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are possible birthing positions?

A 
•	Bed, birthing chair, delivery table
o	Recumbent / lithotomy position – Should be avoided
o	Semi-fowlers
o	Left lateral Sims’ position
o	Squatting 
o	Hands and knees / all fours
o	Using a Birthing Bar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nursing care for 2nd stage of labor

A 
•	Evaluate physical parameters
o	Increased frequency of assessment
•	Provide support and info about labor progress
•	Assist with pushing
o	Efforts
o	Positioning 
o	Laboring Down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What teaching can we give women about breathing/breath holding during labor?

A
  • discourage prolonged maternal breath holding (ESP FOR WOMEN WITH HEART PROBLEMS)
  • should hold breat for 6-8 seconds tops (NEVER 10 SECONDS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nursing support for 2nd stage of labor

A
  • Allow woman to rest until she feels an urge to push
  • Encourage spontaneous bearing down
  • Support, rather than direct, the woman’s involuntary pushing efforts
  • Discourage prolonged maternal breath holding
  • Validate the normalcy of sensations and sounds the woman is voicing (think of puking example)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

a nurses preparation for birth includes: (4 things)

A
  • Nurse washes hands
  • Opens sterile prep tray
  • Dons sterile gloves
  • Clean vulva, perineum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How to assist with birth in emergency situation?

A

• Fetal head distending perineum
o Support perineum and baby’s head very gently (**make sure it doesn’t “pop out” too quickly and tear perineum)
• Palpate fetal neck for presence of cord (If cord is around head/neck, gently unwrap it)
• Restitution and external rotation
o Suctioning (not always necessary)
o Support baby to release anterior shoulder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 possible types of episiotomy

A
  • midline (down middle, towards rectum. Cuts through less muscle)
  • mediolateral (off to side. Cuts through more muscle, takes longer to heal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an episiotomy

A

Incising the perineum area to provide more space for the presenting part
-this should be done selectively, rather than routinely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Types of lacerations (5 types)

A

o First Degree-little tear through mucosa
o Second Degree-through mucosa and part of muscle
o Third Degree-through anal sphincter
o Forth Degree-through anal sphincter and part of anterior rectal wall
• Cervical Laceration – (RARE, can happen if woman pushes forcefully before being fully dilated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nursing care/education for lacerations

A

• initially ice (1st 24 hours)
• then warmth/sitz bath/warm showers bc this increases circulation which helps to promote healing
• Tighten buttocks, sit straight down on something soft
–AVOID SITTING on donut pillows (can cause skin to separate further causing more damage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can we assist with cord clamping?

A
  • Delayed clamping encouraged (waiting for it to stop pulsating allows extra blood to flow to baby)
  • Two Kelly clamps – cut in between them (can Allow partner to cut)
  • Examine cord for vessels (3)
  • Cord blood collection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 things that can help with placenta expulsion

A

o Maternal bearing-down effort
o Controlled cord traction
o Fundal pressure (gentle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the 3rd stage of labor

A

delivery of the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 ways to observe for placental separation?

A

o Palpate uterus gently to check for ballooning/rising
o Visible lengthening of cord
o Slight gush of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nursing care during 3rd stage

A
  • Inspection of placental membranes / Cotyledons (make sure it’s all intact.)
  • Vagina and cervix inspected for lacerations
  • Disposal of placenta (or, Some ppl want to save this for health benefits)
  • Use of oxytocics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the immediate care that needs to be provided to a newborn?

A 
•	Respirations first priority!!!
•	Provide and maintain warmth 
o	Skin-to-Skin
o	Newborn in radiant-heated unit
•	Beneficial for breastfeeding and also microbiome
•	Provide newborn care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

5 criteria of APGAR?

A 
o	Heart rate
o	Respiratory effort
o	Muscle tone
o	Reflex irritability
o	Skin color
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Acrocyanosis

A

blueness of the extremities (common in newborns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is considered the fourth stage (aka restorative stage or immediate post-partem stage) of labor?

A

-the first 1-4 hrs immediately after birth
-Considers physical and emotional factors as nurse focuses on carefully monitoring the woman and newborn, promoting maternal comfort, providing appropriate education and support, and facilitating attachment behaviors
-begins with completion of the expulsion
of the placenta and ends w initial physiologic adjustment and stabilization of the mother
-This stage initiates postpartum period.
-mother usually feels a sense of peace and excitement, is wide awake, and is very talkative initially.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When is the APGAR test performed?

A
  • at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth

- if baby’s score is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Maternal adaptations immediately following birth?

A
  • Blood pressure – Returns to pre-labor level
  • Pulse – Slightly lower than in labor
  • Uterine fundus – midline at umbilicus or 1-2 fingers below (continues to go down each day)
  • Lochia – Red (rubra), small to moderate amt (from spotting on pad to 1/4-1/2 of pad in 15 min)
  • Bladder – Nonpalpable
  • Perineum – Smooth, pink, w/o bruising or edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is lochia?

A

vaginal discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

normal lochia immediately after birth?

A

Red (rubra), small to moderate amt (from spotting on pad to 1/4-1/2 of pad in 15 min), small clots are normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how should the bladder feel immediately after birth?

A

nonpalpable (unless mother has a full bladder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how often should the fundus be palpated in 4th stage of labor?

A

-q15 min for 1 hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nursing care during 4th stage of labor?

A
  • Palpate fundus every 15 minutes for 1 hour
  • Assess vaginal bleeding
  • Encourage bonding and breastfeeding
  • Assess perineum
  • Perineal care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how often is the perineum assessed during 4th stage of labor?

A

-q15 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

perineum care in 4th stage of labor?

A
  • Assess Perineum q15 minutes
  • Evaluate for redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge, approximation
  • Check: sutures intact
  • Apply cool compresses or ice packs to the affected area initially (then use warmth)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do we assess for in the uterus in 4th stage of labor?

A

-is fundus midline at umbilicus? (0r 1-2 fingers below)
-check for uterine atony (lack of tone)
o Clots present?
o Massage carefully to expel any blood clots (this can remind the uterus to contract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Things to remember when palpating the fundus?

A
  • If palpable above level of umbilicus and to the R: result of a full bladder (Encourage to void before)
  • Poorly contracted uterus: boggy or very soft in the abdomen (bad sign, can lead to more bleeding)
  • Bladder: assess amount, frequency, and any difficulties initiating voiding
  • Pressure on bladder: perineal trauma, edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is REEDA?

A

-acronym frequently used for assessing perineum status. -derived from 5 components identified to be associated
w healing process of perineum. These include:
1. Redness
2. Edema
3. Ecchymosis
4. Discharge
5. Approximation of skin edges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how to assess the perineum (positioning, vocab to use, etc)

A
  • Is there an episiotomy, laceration, or an intact perineum
  • If midline epis: pt to lie on either side for assessment
  • Right mediolateral (RML) or left mediolateral (LML): pt to lie on the side w episiotomy next to the bed
  • Lift pt’s upper buttock
  • Allow for adequate light: visualization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Ways to promote attachment in 4th stage

A
  • Emotional time for family
  • Lights can be dimmed
  • Complete assessments w baby on mother’s chest, abdomen
  • Breastfeeding encouraged
  • Enhance attachment as much as possible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

comfort measure for mother in 4th stage

A

• Tremors common
o Provide heated blanket (some women have chills after delivery) and/or warm drink
• Provide food
• Encourage rest
• Transfer to postpartum unit when stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Initial care of a newborn?

A
  • Abbreviated systematic physical assessment (can be done on mother’s chest)
  • Contour, size of head, fontanelles
  • Posture, movement
  • Inspect face, ears, neck, palate
  • Inspect skin
  • DELAY weight if possible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Rules about newborn identification

A
  • Mother and newborn need ID codes
  • Bands on wrist of mother & partner
  • Newborn – 2 ID bands (foot and arm)
  • Security device on cord clamp, ID bracelet
  • Footprints – not reliable (done more now bc they’re cute and parents like it)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Important points of record keeping about newborn/birth process

A
  • Position of fetus at birth
  • Presence of cord around neck
  • Time of birth
  • Apgar scores
  • Gender
  • Time of expulsion of placenta
  • Method of placental expulsion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

5 potential ways that fetal O2 supply can decrease

A
  • Reduction of O2 content in maternal blood as result of hemorrhage or severe anemia
  • Reduction of blood flow through maternal vessels as result of: Maternal HTN
  • Hypotension caused by supine maternal position, hemorrhage, epidural anesthesia (can decrease amt of blood flow thru placenta and to baby)
  • Alterations in fetal circulation w compression of umbilical cord
  • Reduction in blood flow to intervillous space in (aging) placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Continuous fetal monitoring should be recommended to whom?

A

only high risk pregnancies (for low risk, intermittent monitoring is sufficient)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is electronic fetal monitoring and what is its purpose?

A

-uses machine to produce continuous tracing of the FHR. When monitoring device is in place, a sound is produced w each heartbeat. A graphic record of the FHR pattern is produced.
-Primary objective is to provide info about fetal oxygenation and prevent fetal injury
that could result from impaired fetal oxygenation during
labor.
-Purpose of electronic fetal monitoring is to
detect fetal heart rate changes EARLY before they are prolonged and profound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

how have fetal outcomes changes since the invention of electronic fetal monitoring?

A

• **No documented changes in outcome because of fetal monitoring!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How is fetal well-being measured?

A

• by response of FHR to uterine contractions (UCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Name 2 FHR patterns that are REASSURING

A 
o	Baseline FHR in normal range of 110 to 160 beats/min, with no periodic changes and a moderate baseline variability
o	Accelerations (elevations of HR in response to fetal movements or contractions is a GOOD thing) of FHR with fetal movement
46
Q

what is a fetal “acceleration”

A

transitory abrupt increases in the FHR above the baseline that last

47
Q

What are NONreassuring FHR signs? (4)

A

• Baseline FHR more than 160 or less than 110

  • late decelerations
  • absent or minimal variability
  • prolonged variable decelerations
48
Q

what are the methods of fetal monitoring?

A
  • Electronic Fetal Monitoring (EFM) (can be external, Internal, OR Combination)
  • Intermittent Auscultation and Palpation
  • Intermittent vs Continuous EFM
49
Q

Are decelerations a good or bad thing?

A

only bad when they happen in association with decreased blood flow through placenta and umbilical cord (i.e. late decelerations or prolonged variable decels)

50
Q

if variability decreases, what is required for the fetus to remain stable?

A

oxygen

51
Q

what is meant by FHR “variability”

A
  • The amount of beat to beat fluctuation in the fetal heart rate
  • Reflects interaction between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
  • Oxygen is required when variability decreases
52
Q

What is the most important prognostic indicator of fetal oxygenation?

A

variability

53
Q

categories of variability (4)

A

• Absent
• Minimal (Mild)
-moderate (IDEAL)
• Marked > 25 bpm

54
Q

changes in variability can result from:

A

hypoxemia, acidosis, medications, sleep states

55
Q

what are the pros of continuous EFM? (6)

A
  • Continuous record
  • Ongoing assessment
  • “trend over time”
  • Less personnel intensive
  • Some improved accuracy of data
  • Very effective IF we’re concerned about the pts well-being
56
Q

What are the cons of continuous EFM?

A
  • Limitation of movement (could slow labor leading to a need for more interventions)
  • Limited data re: improved outcomes
  • Potential loss of patient contact (nurses sit at station & only monitor from there)
  • May or may not be invasive
57
Q

what is an RN’s responsibility with regard to EFM?

A

o Assess contractions and FHR patterns
o Apply fetal monitors
o Independently assess, interpret and intervene related to FHR patterns
o Communicate findings in a TIMELY manner

58
Q

6 aspects to pay attention to when assessing uterine activity

A
  • Contraction
  • Frequency
  • Duration
  • Intensity
  • Resting Tone
  • Patient tolerance
59
Q

how to distinguish intensity of contractions on palpation

A
  • Mild or 1+ (easily dented)(tip of nose)
  • Moderate or 2+ (can slightly indent) (chin)
  • Strong or 3+ (cannot indent uterus) (forehead)
60
Q

what is average baseline FHR?

A

110-160

61
Q

how is baseline FHR calculated?

A

average HR during a 10 min segment (excluding:
o Accelerations
o Decelerations
o Periods of marked variability

62
Q

Difference between periodic changes and episodic changes in FHR

A
  • Periodic changes occur with Uterine Contractions (UC)

* Episodic (non-periodic) not associated with UCs

63
Q

3 types of decelerations

A
  1. Early decelerations
  2. Late decelerations
  3. Variable decelerations
64
Q

what is an early deceleration?

A

-response to fetal head compression (with increased pressure on head there’s a NORMAL vagal response causing slowed HR in response to this, then it will usu go back up after peak of contraction) WE DON’T WORRY ABOUT THIS

65
Q

what is a late deceleration

A

caused by uteroplacental insufficiency – WE DO WORRY ABOUT THIS (not if it’s only 1 time, but if it keeps happening, we worry)

66
Q

what is a variable deceleration

A

associated with cord compression.
• visually apparent abrupt decreases in FHR below baseline and have an unpredictable shape on the FHR baseline, possibly demonstrating no consistent relationship to uterine contractions.
• Shape of variable decelerations may be U, V, or W, or they may not resemble other patterns (usu drop looks DRASTIC)
• These look bad and sound scary BUTbabies can still come out healthy. Only scary IF:
-drops below 60bpm or if they’re prolonged (meaning there’s a prolapsed cord)

67
Q

when is the onset of an EARLY deceleration

A

at beginning of a contraction

68
Q

what are nursing interventions for LATE decelerations?

A 
–	Try changing position (laying on side)
–	Hydrate mother
–	Provide O2
–	May need to resort to C-section if not resolved by other interventions. 
-NEED TO PREVENT HYPOXIC DAMAGE TO BABY
69
Q

when do late decelerations appear?

A
  • starts AT OR AFTER PEAK (ACME) of contraction

- It’s uniform in shape and not very drastic

70
Q

when do we worry about variable decelerations?

A
  • if they don’t recover quickly (if they’re very prolonged)

- if they drop below 60

71
Q

when do we worry about FHR (3 most common times)

A

decreased variability; prolonged variable deceleration; and late decelerations

72
Q

nursing interventions for variable decelerations

A

change positions

73
Q

interventions for decelerations

A 
-treat probably underlying cause
•	Most decelerations can be alleviated by changes in the mother’s position
•	Additional interventions:
o	Increased IV fluid rate
o	Administration of supplemental oxygen
o	Modified pushing
o	Amnioinfusion
74
Q

monitoring of fetal well-being includes: (3 main things)

A

o FHR assessment
o Watching for meconium-stained amniotic fluid- indicates baby may be in serious distress causing relaxation of anal sphincter)
o Assessment of maternal vital signs and uterine activity

75
Q

what causes pain during 1st stage of labor?

A
  • Progressive cervical dilation
  • Intensity and duration of contractions
  • Pressure from fetal position
76
Q

what causes pain during 2nd stage of labor?

A

perineal distention

77
Q

what causes pain during 3rd and 4th stages of labor?

A

contraction of the uterus

78
Q

What is the nurses role in pain management during labor?

A
  • Offer alternative therapies if pharmaceuticals not desired
  • Support decision for pharmaceutical pain relief
  • Support changes in decision
  • Educate about options
79
Q

What are the pain management options during labor?

A
  • Non-pharmacologic methods (heating pad, massage, etc)
  • Systemic Analgesia
  • Regional Anesthesia / Analgesia-epidural, spinal
  • Local Anesthesia
  • General Anesthesia –puts mother to sleep
80
Q

What are examples of non-pharmacological pain management?

A
  • Relaxation breathing
  • Touch, Massage and Counter Pressure
  • Positioning
  • Hydrotherapy – water, baths, tubs
  • Acupressure / acupuncture
  • Music
  • Aromatherapy
  • Pain medication is only ONE TOOL we can use
81
Q

what are the 2 primary types of systemic analgesia?

A

sedatives and narcotics

82
Q

3 important factors to consider when giving systemic analgesia to laboring woman?

A
  • Woman’s medical status
  • Labor progress / labor status – some narcotics we don’t want to give too close to delivery time
  • Potential effects on fetus
83
Q

When are sedatives typically used in labor and for what reason?

A
  • during latent phase

- for relaxation and sleep

84
Q

What are common sedative medications given during labor?

A
  • Barbiturates: Seconal and Ambien
  • Benzodiazepines: Valium
  • H1-receptor antagonists: Phenergan, Vistaril, Benadryl
  • Also antiemetics
85
Q

When are narcotics typically given during labor and for what reason?

A
  • during active phase (of 1st stage)
  • for pain management
  • always have Narcan ready!
86
Q

Nursing responsibilities for sedatives and narcotic administration

A
  • Patient assessment pre and post administration
  • Response to medication
  • Safety Precautions
  • Typical route of administration during labor for all narcotics is IV Push
  • Primary risk is post administration respiratory depression
  • Risk to fetus for neonatal respiratory depression with multiple doses or timing close to delivery
87
Q

what is the typical route for all narcotics during labor?

A

IV push

88
Q

common narcotics given during labor

A
  • Stadol (Butorphanol tartrate)
  • Nubain (Nalbuphine hydrochloride)
  • Sublimaze (Fentanyl)
89
Q

what is the most common regional anesthesia used during labor?

A

epidurals

90
Q

what is regional anesthesia

A
  • Temporary, reversible loss of sensation
  • Prevents initiation, transmission of nerve impulses
  • Newer medications combinations: more options
  • Types
  • Epidural
  • Spinal
  • Combined epidural-spinal
91
Q

what is epidural anesthesia?

A
  • Injection of local anesthetic into epidural space
  • Continuous block
  • Complete pain relief
  • Common during labor and birth
92
Q

what are some advantages of an epidural? (5)

A
  • Produces good analgesia
  • Woman fully awake during labor and birth
  • “Walking epidural”- is lighter dose than full epidural
  • Continuous technique allows different blocking for each stage of labor
  • Dose of anesthetic agent can be adjusted
93
Q

what are some disadvantages of an epidural? (7)

A
  • Maternal hypotension
  • Potential FHR late decelerations
  • Post-dural puncture leading to: headache, seizures, meningitis
  • Cardiorespiratory arrest (rare)
  • Onset of analgesia may not occur for up to 30 min– usually sooner
  • May slow contractions (esp if done too early): Increased need for Pitocin
  • May interfere with fetal descent and rotation
94
Q

what are possible adverse maternal reactions (Mild and common side effects) to anesthetic agents?

A
  • Palpitations tinnitus, headache, metallic taste
  • Moderate reactions
  • Itching, dizziness, urinary retention
  • Severe reactions
  • N/V/ hypotension
95
Q

nursing care of women receiving an epidural?

A

• Assessment
• Pain
• Labor status/Fetal status/Maternal Vital Signs
• Preload with IV fluids (give loading dose/increased IV fluidswhen the epidural relaxes muscles it can decrease venous return to heart, so loading extra fluids can help increase circulating blood flow and prophylactically decrease mother getting hypotension)
o 500 mL to 1000 mL 0.45% NS or LR
• Positioning: Sitting or side-lying
• Intra-procedure management
• Sterile field
• Assist patient to remain still
• Notification and support during contractions

96
Q

how should you reposition a woman post epidural?

A
  • Reposition patient in semi-reclining with lateral tilt for no less than 10 minutes
  • HOB elevated 25 degrees
97
Q

how often should you check BP for a woman post epidural?

A
  • BP assessment Q 1-2 (or 5) minutes for 10 minutes

* BP Q 15 minutes for duration of labor

98
Q

what to do if hypotension occurs (BP

A

-Increase IV fluids
• Notify anesthesia for administration of ephedrine 5-15 mg IVP
• If late decelerations persist position in Left lateral position, increase IV fluids, anesthesia management

99
Q

For a woman post epidural, what nursing mngt should we consider about the bladder?

A

-regularly monitor bladder status and ability to self-void

100
Q

What impact on the labor process might an epidural have?

A
  • may slow the labor process after epidural

- ability to push may be impaired

101
Q

What is a spinal block?

A
  • May be used for Planned Cesarean section
  • Immediate onset of anesthesia
  • Relative ease of administration
  • Smaller drug volume
  • Maternal compartmentalization of the drug
  • Low failure rate
102
Q

What are potential complications of spinal anesthesia?

A
  • Hypotension
  • Drug reaction
  • Total spinal neurologic sequelae
  • Spinal headache
  • Complete or total spinal anesthesia
103
Q

What is a pudenal block?

A
  • Perineal anesthesia

* Many providers no longer use this technique

104
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of a pudenal block?

A
  • Advantages: Absence of maternal hypotension

* Disadvantages: Urge to bear down may be decreased (but less of

105
Q

When is a pudenal block typically administered?

A

• Second stage of labor, birth, episiotomy repair

an impact compared to epidural?)

106
Q

when is local anesthesia used?

A

for episiotomy repair

107
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantage of local anesthesia?

A
  • Advantage: Least amount of anesthetic agent

* Disadvantage: Burning sensation with injection

108
Q

What is general anesthesia during labor?

A

• Induced unconsciousness

109
Q

what are the common indications for general anesthesia during labor?

A

o Perceived lack of time
o Contraindications to regional
o Failure to successfully insert regional
o Patient refusal of regional

110
Q

possible methods of general anesthesia?

A 
•	Intravenous injection
o	Sodium thiopental (Pentothal)
o	Ketamine
•	Inhalation of anesthetic agents
o	Nitrous oxide
o	Low-dose halogenated agents
111
Q

Potential complications of general anesthesia?

A 
•	Fetal depression: Depth and duration
•	Uterine relaxation
•	Potential for chemical pneumonitis:
o	Decrease in gastrointestinal motility
o	Acidic gastric secretions

Maternity (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions