Exam 2 - Week 7 (Cardiovascular)

Question 1

3 layers of the heart

Answer 1

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

Question 2

Where is the hart located?

Answer 2

Media Stinum between the lungs and enclosed in a double walled pericardial sac

Question 3

Visceral pericardium

Answer 3

= epicardium = serous membrane with small amounts of lubricating fluid within the pericardial cavity between the membranes to facilitate heart movement

Question 4

AV Valves; names, and what do they do?

Answer 4

Right - tricuspid
Left - bicuspid

They separate the atria from ventricles

Question 5

Semilunar valves; names, and what do they do?

Answer 5

They separate left and right side of heart and regulate flow of the artery they belong to

Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve

Question 6

Baroreceptors - location, function

Answer 6

Location: aortic arch and carotid sinus

Function: sensitive to stretch or pressure within the arterial system
-Relay information to basal motor center in the brainstem and alerts autonomic nervous system to act accordingly

Question 7

Chemoreceptors - location, function

Answer 7

Location: aortic and carotid bodies

Function: capable of initiating changes in HR and arterial pressure in response to increased arterial CO2 pressure
-When stimulated, they subsequently stimulate the basal motor sensor to increase cardiac activity

Question 8

How does the parasympathetic nervous system regulate the cardiovascular system?

Answer 8

• Mediated by vagus nerve

- Decreases HR by slowing SA node rate which reduces conduction through the AV node

Question 9

How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate the cardiovascular system?

Answer 9

Fight or flight response
-Increases HR, increases speed of impulses and conduction through AV node, increases force of atrial and ventricular contractions

Question 10

S1 indicates

Answer 10

“Lubb” - closure of the AV valves

Question 11

S2 indicates

Answer 11

“Dubb” - closure of the semilunar valves

Question 12

What are murmurs caused by?

Answer 12

• Incompetent valves
• Unusual turbulence in bloodflow
• Hole in the heart septum

Question 13

Pulse

Answer 13

indicates heart rate

Question 14

Pulse deficit

Answer 14

difference in the rate between apical and radial pulse

Question 15

Automaticity

Answer 15

Ability to discharge and electrical impulse spontaneously

Question 16

Rhythmicity

Answer 16

Ability to generate an electrical impulse at regular intervals

Question 17

Conductivity

Answer 17

Ability to send an electrical impulse from one area to the next along an electrical pathway

Question 18

Cardiac Output

Answer 18

= HR x SV

The amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 min

Question 19

HR

Answer 19

the number of contractions of the ventricles each minute

Question 20

SV

Answer 20

The amount of blood ejected from each ventricle with each contraction

Question 21

Where is the cardiac control center located?

Answer 21

In the medulla oblongata

Question 22

Cardiac reserve

Answer 22

ability of the heart to increase output in response to increased demand

Question 23

Preload

Answer 23

The work imposed on the heart before contraction begins = end diastolic pressure when ventricles have filled

Question 24

When does preload increase?

Answer 24

Hypovolemia, regurgitation of valves

Question 25

Afterload

Answer 25

The force required to eject blood from the ventricle = resistance that the Left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

Question 26

When does after load increase?

Answer 26

HTN, vasoconstriction

Question 27

Ventilation Perfusion Ratio = VQ Ratio

Answer 27

measurement used to measure/assess efficiency and adequacy of the matching of air that reaches alveoli to blood that reaches alveoli

V = air that reaches alveoli
Q = blood that reaches alveoli

Question 28

Hypercoagulability

Answer 28

abnormality of blood coagulation that increases risk of thrombosis

Question 29

Blood coagulation

Answer 29

process by which blood changes from liquid to gel