Exam 2 Vocab/concepts Flashcards
Fastidious
Requiring strict, narrow nutritional or environmental conditions for growth. Said of bacteria
Syphilis
A sexually transmitted bacterial disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum
Pure culture
A container growing a single species of microbe whose identity is known
Inoculation
The implantation of microorganisms into or upon culture media
Epidermis
Outer layer of cells covering an organism
Basic dyes
Positively charged substance that is attracted to negatively charged substances
Incubate
To isolate a sample culture in a temperature-controlled environment to encourage growth
Phenol
Poisonous compound derived from the distillation of coal tar. Surgical germicide.
Nosocomial infections
Infection due to a toxin or infection that exists in a certain location, such as a hospital
Ethylene oxide
A potent, highly water-soluble gas invaluable for gaseous sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical and diagnostics appliances, and spices. Potential hazards are related to its carcinogenic, residual, and explosive nature. Ethylene oxide is rendered nonexplosive by mixing with 90% CO2 or fluorocarbon
Autoclave
A sterilization chamber that allows the use of steam under pressure to sterilize materials. The most common pressure/temperature combination for an autoclave is 121C and 15 psi.
Alcohols
Colorless hydrocarbons. Only ethyl and isopropyl are suitable for microbial control
Disinfection
he destruction of pathogenic nonsporulating microbes or their toxins, usually on inanimate surfaces. A disinfectant is a chemical used for this purpose
Sterilization
Any process that completely removes or destroyed all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat. Material so treated is sterile
Hydrogen peroxide
Colorless, caustic liquid that decomposes in the presence of light, metals, or catalase into water and oxygen gas. Germicidal effects from hydroxyl free radicals
Soaps
Alkaline compounds made by combining fatty acids in oils with sodium or potassium salts. Weak microbicides
Pasteurization
Heat treatment of perishable fluids such as milk, fruit juices, or wine to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells, followed by rapid chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germination of spores. It prevents infection and spoilage
Iodine
Antiseptic prep for surgies and injections
Antisepsis
Use of growth inhibiting agent (antiseptic) on tissues to prevent infection
Sanitation
To clean inanimate objects using soap and degerming agents so that they are safe and free of high levels of microorganisms
Degermation
To physically remove surface oils, debris, and soil from skin and wounds to reduce the microbial load
Formalin
A 37% aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas; a potent chemical fixative and microbicide
Chlorohexidine:
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Sterilizing gas
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Betadine
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Cidex
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Symbiosis/sybionts
An intimate association between two or more individuals that are termed symbionts; is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for mutualism
Agar
A polysaccharide found in seaweed and commonly used to prepare solid culture media
Broth
Type of liquid media; solutes dissolved in water
Gelatin
Media for growing microbes, not as good as agar as microbes can digest stand will melt at room temperatures
Element
A substance comprising only one kind of atom that cannot be degraded into two or more substances
Macronutrient
A chemical substance required in large quantities (phosphate, for example)
Growth factor
An organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet to facilitate growth. An essential nutrient
Organic compound
Substances that contain carbon and hydrogen
Autotroph
A microorganism that requires only inorganic nutrient and whose sole source of carbon is carbon dioxide
Heterotroph
An organism that relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs
Cyanobacteria
Widespread and ecologically important photosynthetic bacteria; evidence indicates their role in the evolution
Archaea
Prokaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology, and genetics, and live in harsh habitats; when capitalized (Archaea), the term refers to one of the three domains of living organisms as proposed by Woese
Extremophiles
Organisms capable of living in harsh environments, such as extreme cold or heat
Nutrient absorption
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Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cel membrane actively engulfs large particles or cells into vesicles. A phagocyte is a cell specialized for doing this.
Aerobe
A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen (O2)
Halophile
A microorganism that can withstand saline conditions; not found in oceans - not enough salt; found in inland seas, salt lakes, and salt mines. Many use a red pigment to synthesize ATP in the presence of light - “Red Sea”
Mutualism
Organisms living in a close, mutually beneficial relationship
Not a major element of a microbial cell
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Microbiological contaminants
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Microbiological control methods
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Mineral ion of cytochrome c?
Iron
What are the 6 I’s?
- Inoculation - sample put in medium that will support its growth
- Isolation - separate microbes to create isolated colonies that each contain a single type of microbe
- Identification - name or identify the microbe
- Incubation - promotes growth
- Information gathering - tests for function and characteristics of microbe
- Inspection - examined under microscope for macroscopic appearances
What is a pure culture? How can you tell?
A container growing a single species of microbe whose identity is known
What does inoculation mean?
The implantation of microorganisms into or upon culture media that supports growth
What is 1% - 5% agar?
- Any medium that contains 1-5% agar
- Nutrient agar
What is a streak plate?
An agar plate with a medium that can grow microbes
What are basic dyes?
- Attracted to acid (COOH group)
- Positive, attracted to negative in cell
- Stains the cell
What is incubation?
Exposing the inoculated medium to optimal growth conditions, generally for a few hours to days
What is an element?
A substance comprising only one kind of atom that cannot be degraded into two or more substances
What is a macronutrient?
- A chemical substance required in large quantities (phosphate, for example)
- Play principle roles in cell structure and metabolism
What is a trace element?
- Micronutrient
- Elements that are needed in small amounts
- Involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure
- Copper, zinc, nickel, maganese
What is the difference between autotroph, heterotroph, phototroph, chemotroph, photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, methanogens, chemoorganotrophs?
- Heterotroph: an organism the must obtain its carbon in organic form; nutrient dependent on other lifeforms
- Autotroph: organism that can use inorganic carbon; not nutritionally dependent
- Phototroph: microbes that photosynthesize
- Chemotroph: microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds
- Photoautotroph: photosynthetic for energy
- Chemoautotrophs: survive on inorganic substances (minerals, gases), do not require light or other nutrients , remove electrons from inorganic substrates for energy
- Methanogens: type of chemoautotroph; produces methane by reducing CO2 under anaerobic conditions
- Chemoorganotrophs: carbon and energy is derived from organic compounds
- Saprobes: free-living microbes that feed primarily on organic detritus released by dead organisms
- Symbionts: derive nutrients from the bodies of living organisms
What compound has the highest concentration in the cell?
Water
What is the largest component of a cell?
- Organic compounds make up 97% of dry cell weight
- Proteins are most prevalent organic compound
What can a cell not synthesis?
Elements
What does zinc, calcium, and iron do? What is the ubqiquidous, prevalent?
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What does autotroph mean?
A microorganism that requires only inorganic nutrients and whose sole source of carbon is carbon dioxide
What are growth factors?
- Growth factor: An organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet to facilitate growth. An essential nutrient
- Microbes that require growth factors are fastidious
Type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen?
- Anoxygenic
- Uses bactriochlorophyll
- Hydrogen source is sulfide gas
- Gives off elemental sulfur as a product
- Photosynthetic bacteria that live in aquatic habitats
Why are archaea not a pathogen?
Because human bodies are not extreme, not favorable habitats to these microorganisms
Microorganisms that live in extreme habitats are called?
Extremophiles live in extreme heat, cold, high salt, pH, etc.
What is the movement of substance from higher to lower concentration?
- Diffusion: random thermal motion that causes substances to move from higher concentration to lower; evenly distribute molecules
- Osmosis: type of passive transport; water will diffuse across a selective membrane from high solute concentration to low; dissolved molecules will not move
- Facilitated diffusion: type of passive transport; utilizes a carrier protein in the membrane that will bind a specific substance. Saturation changes the rate of transport until it reaches max.
- Active transport: move molecules against their gradient, or natural gradient but at a faster rate; requires energy and specific membrane proteins (permeases and pumps).
What is endocytosis?
- Form of active transport
- Substances do not pass through the membrane
- Cell encloses substance in its membrane, forming a vacuole, and engulfs it
What is the difference between hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic?
- Hypotonic: solute concentrations of external environment is lower than internal. Ex. a cell in pure water. Cell will have a gain of water volume, and may burst
- Hypertonic: solute concentration of external environment is higher than external. Water will diffuse out of cell; cell may collapse. Plasmolysis - protoplast shrinkage move away from cell wall
- Isotonic: Environment is equal to cells internal environment; no net change in cell volume; stable environment for cell
Nutrient absorption is mediated by:
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What is phagocytosis?
- Type of endocytosis
- Certain cells specialize in it
- Engulf whole cells or solid matter
What is exocytosis?
?
What is a halophile?
- Halophiles can withstand saline conditions
- Not found in oceans - not enough salt
- Found in inland seas, salt lakes, and salt mines
- Many use a red pigment to synthesize ATP in the presence of light
- “Red Sea”
What does symbiosis, mutualism, synergism?
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What bacteria synthesizes an essential vitamin?
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What are log phases? Lag phase? What is a growth phase?
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What are microbiological contaminants?
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How can you control microbiology? Physical agents?
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What is the difference between bactericide, sporicidal, fungicide, virucide?
- Bactericide: a chemical that destroys bacteria except for those in the endospore stage
- Fungicide: chemical that can kill fungal spores, hyphae, and yeasts
- Virucide: any chemical that can inactivate viruses, especially on living tissue
- Sporicidal: agent that can destroy bacterial endospores, which makes it a sterilizing agent
What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection?
- Sterilization: Any process that completely removes or destroyed all viable microorganisms, including viruses, from an object or habitat. Material so treated is sterile
- Disinfection: The destruction of pathogenic nonsporulating microbes or their toxins, usually on inanimate surfaces. A disinfectant is a chemical used for this purpose
What are bacterial endospores?
- A small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell. The bacterial genera Bacillus and Clostridium are typical sporeformers
- They are dormant bodies that are capable of extreme resistance and long-term survival
- Makes it very hard to treat someone with an infections with bacteria that can phase into an endospore
What is antisepsis?
Use of growth inhibiting agent (antiseptic) on tissues to prevent infection
What is pasteurization?
Heat treatment of perishable fluids such as milk, fruit juices, or wine to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells, followed by rapid chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germination of spores. It prevents infection and spoilage
What is a hepafilter? What do they do? What do they filter?
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What is a phenol? Phenolic?
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What is isopropyl alcohol? What does it do?
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What is the micro biome? Why is it important?
- Micro biome is microorganisms that live in the intestinal tract that communicate with parts of the body
- A healthy micro biome is important because it causes myelination in the brain, helps decrease infections, promotes digestion
What is eubosis? What promotes eubosis?
- Healthy balance in intestines/microbiome
- Firmicutes and bactericides
- Probiotics, healthy diet
What is dysbiosis? What factors promote it?
- Microbial imbalance
- Antibiotic misuse, alcohol misuse, inappropriate diet
Example of contamination in culture
Unwanted microbes of uncertain identity
Skin cells, with microbes
From the air
Unclean utensils
