Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology II > Exam 2- Upper airway, nasal, sinuses, neck & ear > Flashcards

Exam 2- Upper airway, nasal, sinuses, neck & ear Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 pathologies that can occur in the neck?

A
  • brachial cyst
  • thyroglossal cyst
  • paraganglioma (carotid body tumor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are 2 types of cyst and a rare tumor we care about?

A
  • inflammatory cyst (radicular most common)
  • developmental cysts (dentigerous most common developmental cyst & surgical specimen)
  • malignant tumors of odontogenic origin (rare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the two etiologies of cysts? where do they come from?

A

-developmental (abnormal development)
-inflammatory
both arise from remnants of odontogenic epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what can a dentigerous cyst give rise to?

A

ameloblastoma (malignant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the “tumors” of the nose/sinus/nasopharynx?

A
  • polyps (not really a tumor, VAST MAJORITY)
  • angiofibroma
  • papilloma
  • plasmacytoma
  • neuroblastoma
  • nasopharyngeal carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what causes rhinitis and sinusitis?

A
  • very often allergic (swab & find eosinophils) or URI (viral in general)
  • any organism can cause it though
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what causes allergic rhinitis? what Ig? sxs?

A
  • sensitivity rxns
  • plants, pollens, fungi, animal allergens & dust mites
  • IgE mediated/type I hypersensitivity
  • mucosal edema, redness, thick mucus secretions and pale turbinates
  • leukocytic infiltration (eosinophils)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what causes infectious rhinitis? sxs? what can ensue? where can it go to?

A
  • usu viral: adenoviruses, echoviruses & rhinoviruses
  • acute: edematous, thickened nasal mucosa, enlarged turbinates & narrowed nasal cavities
  • secondary bacterial infxn can ensue
  • changes may extend into pharynx producing concomitant pharyngotonsilitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what causes chronic rhinitis? what immune cells are present?

A
  • repeated acute rhinitis: allergic or infectious followed by secondary or superimposed microbial infxn
  • inflammatory infiltrates with PMNs, plasma cells & lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what can predispose one to chronic rhinitis? causes?

A
  • deviated nasal septum or nasal polyps predispose

- recurrent rhinitis or spontaneously occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are nasal polyps?

A

-edematous mucous w/loose stroma often w/cystic or hyperplastic mucous glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what should be ruled out in a young caucasian with large polyps?

A

cystic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

are most pts with polyps atopic?

A

no most with polyps are not atopic, though there is allergic etiology it is not atopically associated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is Samter triad or ASA triad?

A

aspirin intolerance + bronchial asthma + ethmoid polypi

*salicylates can provoke life-threatening status asthmaticus in these pts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what usu causes infectious sinusitis?

A

viruses! but can be bac or fungal too and sometimes an extension of periapical dental infxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

complete obstruction of sinuses can lead to what?

A

empyema or if w/o infxn can lead to mucocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 3 categories sinusitis can be subdivided into?

A
  1. acute: sxs <4 wks
  2. subacute: sxs 4-12 wks in duration
  3. chronic: sxs present for 12 or more wks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what would make you think a sinusitis is bacterial?

A
  • sxs persist beyond 7 to 14 d
  • increase in severity, esp after period of convalescence
  • when fever has been present (but absence of fever doesn’t rule out bac cause)
19
Q

what causes chronic sinusitis?

A
  • recurrent acute sinusitis
  • abn sinus drainage
  • mixed microbial of oral cavity
20
Q

fungal sinusitis caused by mucormycosis occurs in who?

A

more common in immunocompromised including diabetics

21
Q

what are complications of sinusitis?

A

may spread to adjacent tissue: eye, soft tissues around eye, facial bone, cranial vault as well as septic thrombophlebitis of dural venous system

22
Q

what is kartagener syndrome?

A
  • genetic ciliary dyskinesia
  • autosomal recessive
  • chronic sinusitis
  • bronchiectasis
  • situs inversus
23
Q

what are two very serious (potentially and often fatal aggressive) granulomatous proliferations of the upper airway?

A
  • Wegener granulomatosis
  • Lethal midline granuloma (thought to be malignant tumor of NK cells)
  • often hard to distinguish from one another
24
Q

what are 3 necrotizing lesions of the upper airways?

A
  • acute fungal infxns: immunocompromised
  • Wegener granulomatosis: necrotizing gingival ulcerations
  • NK cell lymphoma: lethal midline granuloma/polymorphic reticulosis, NK cells infected w/EBV, rapidly fatal
25
Q

do tumors of the nose, sinuses & nasopharynx occur frequently or infrequently? what are the 5 types?

A

infrequently but can include entire category of mesenchymal & epithelial neoplasms

  • nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
  • sinonasal papillomas
  • plasmacytomas
  • olfactory neuroblastomas
  • nasopharyngeal carcinomas
26
Q

what are nasopharyngeal carcinomas characterized by?

A
  • distinctive geographic distribution
  • close anatomic relationship to lymphoid tissue
  • association w/EBV infxn
27
Q

what are the 3 patterns of nose, sinus or nasopharyngeal tumors?

A

can present as…

  • keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas
  • nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinomas
  • undifferentiated carcinomas that have an abundant non-neoplastic lymphocytic infiltrate
28
Q

what are nasopharyngeal angiofibromas? who is affected most?

A
  • benign tumors that are highly vascularized (bleed profusely during resection)
  • almost exclusively in adolescent adult males
29
Q

what are sinonasal papillomas? associated with? which form is most common? most important? where can it invade? does it convert to carcinoma frequently?

A
  • benign neoplasms of nose & paranasal sinuses
  • assoc w/HPV 6 & 11
  • exophytic, inverted & cylindrical forms (exophytic most common, inverted are most important)
  • locally aggressive, high recurrence if incompletely excised
  • can invade orbit or cranial vault
  • rarely convert to carcinoma
30
Q

what are plasmacytomas? what is it histologically similar to? how often do they progress to multiple myelomas

A
  • lymphoid structure tumors
  • polypoid growths up to several cms
  • usu intact overlying mucosa
  • similar to malignant plasma cell tumor
  • rarely progress to multiple myeloma
31
Q

what are neuroblastomas? does it metastasize? treatment?

A
  • uncommon primary head and neck malignancy
  • small round cell resembling neuroblasts, from neuroendocrine cells
  • tend towards metastases
  • treated surgically, radio & chemotherapeutically
  • 5 yr survival 40-90%
32
Q

what are nasopharyngeal carcinomas distinguished by? what are the 3 patterns it generally presents in?

A
  • distinctive geographic distribution
  • close anatomical relationship to lymphoid tissue
  • associated w/EBV infxn
    1. keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas
    2. nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinomas
    3. undifferentiated carcinomas that have abundant non-neoplastic lymphatic infiltrate
33
Q

what are the 4 cardinal signs of acute-itis?

A
  1. heat
  2. redness
  3. swelling
  4. pain
34
Q

what are 3 common proliferations? which is the most benign? the most malignant?

A
  1. polyp (most benign) (singer’s nodule)
  2. papilloma
  3. carcinoma
35
Q

what is the common appearance of carcinomas?

A

-ulcerated, indurated, irregular, invasive & destructive w/secondary necrosis

36
Q

what are the most common causes of AOMs?

A

-strep & H. flu in children <2 & moraxella

37
Q

is serous otitis media more chronic or acute?

A

-more chronic

38
Q

what is otosclerosis? when does it begin? UL or BL? causes?

A

abnormal bone deposition b/w footplate of stapes & oval window

  • one of most common forms of conductive hearing loss
  • begins in middle age, progressive, usu BL, often familial
39
Q

what are brachial cleft cysts? become malignant? spot it occurs?

A
  • developmental remnants of brachial clefts, can become inflamed
  • do not become malignant most times
  • on the side of the neck
40
Q

what are thyroglossal duct cysts? what can you find in the wall of the cyst? spot it occurs?

A
  • same etiology, appearance & behavior as brachial cleft cyst but it over thyroid
  • remmants of thyroid follicles in wall of cyst mb present (rare)
  • over the thyroid
41
Q

what are carotid body tumors?

A
  • ‘balls of cells’

- tumors of carotid body receptor cells, near the carotid sinus that are sensitive to pO2, pCO2, pH & temp

42
Q

what is epiglottitis? what are the 4 D’s?

A
  • swelling of epiglottis due to bac infxn
  • can be deadly in kids
  • 4 D’s: dyspnea, respiratory distress, difficulty swallowing & drooling
43
Q

what is stridor? what are the 3 causes?

A

high-pitched musical breath sound caused by turbulent air flow in upper airway, can often hear w/o stethoscope
-3 causes: airway swelling from croup, epiglottitis, lodged foreign bodies

44
Q

what is croup? what does it cause?

A
  • viral infxn occuring in children
  • causes stridor as inflamed airway narrows
  • seal-like barking cough

Pathology II (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions