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CNS > Exam 2 - Unit IV > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Unit IV Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior boundary of the spinal cord (there are two.. one is more specific)

A

Foramen Magnum More specifically, the superior most ventral rootlet of C1

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2
Q

What is the length of the spinal cord?

A

40-45 cm

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3
Q

Where is the spinal cord at its maximum diameter?

A

C5-C6 (occupies 75% of vertebral canal)

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4
Q

What is the Bell-Magendi Law?

A

Dorsal roots = sensory (afferent) Ventral roots = motor (efferent) SA ME DA VE

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5
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the spinal cord?

A

Conus Medullaris L1-L2

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6
Q

Describe where C8 exits the cord

A

IVF between C7/T1 (cervicals chill)

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7
Q

Describe where T2 exits the cord

A

IVF between T2/T3 (thoracics tether)

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8
Q

Describe where L5 exits the cord

A

IVF between L5/S1

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9
Q

Where does S2 exit the cord?

A

Dorsal/ventral sacral foramina (same for S1-S4)

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10
Q

Where does S5 exit?

A

Sacral hiatus

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11
Q

Where does Co1 exit?

A

Sacral hiatus, but this nerve may be missing

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12
Q

At birth, the Co1 cord level is typically at the same level as which vertebrae?

A

L1-L3

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13
Q

By adulthood, the Co1 cord level is found at which vertebral level?

A

L1-L2 (conus medullaris)

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14
Q

What is the difference between the terminal ventricle and the lumbar cistern?

A

Terminal ventricle - inferior expansion of the cord (filled with CSF) Lumbar Cistern - outside spinal cord (houses CSF, also houses ‘cauda equina’

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15
Q

What is a funiculus?

A

Longitudinal bundle of white matter. Can also be referred to as “columns”

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16
Q

What is another name for Rexed lamina II?

A

Substantia Gelatinosa (pain reception center/lateral spinothalamic tract)

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17
Q

What lamina is the most anterior portion of the dorsal horn?

A

RL VI

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18
Q

What is the name of the fibers found in the cervical region of Rexed lamina V?

A

Reticular formation/formatio reticularis (sends myelinated axons to contralateral spinothalamic tracts)

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19
Q

Cell bodies called “Nucleus Proprius” are located in which Rexed lamina?

A

RL III/IV **touch, pressure, tickle (sensory modalities)**

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20
Q

True or false– Lamina VII is found in the dorsal horn?

A

FALSE, Anterior or Ventral Horn

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21
Q

The lateral horn of RL VII is present in which vertebrae? Are these sympathetic or postsympathetic?

A

T1-L2 = preganglionic sympathetic S2-S4 = preganglionic parasympathetic

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22
Q

Many descending tract fibers synapse with neurons in what lamina?

A

VII

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23
Q

Which lamina surrounds the central canal?

A

X

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24
Q

What lamina is the most medial aspect of the ventral horn?

A

R.L. VIII

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25
Q

What nuclei will you find in lamina VII?

A

Nucleus Dorsalis Clarke’s Nucleus/Column

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26
Q

Which lamina contain the terminal ventricle?

A

X

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27
Q

Lamina IX contains what type of neurons?

A

Class A alpha (motor) **most of the body’s skeletal muscles are motor innervated from this lamina**

28
Q

Which lamina is the reason that the ventral horn is called the “somatic motor horn”

A

IX

29
Q

Which lamina contributes to the Posterior Spinocerebellar tract?

A

VII

30
Q

Which lamina do pain fibers synapse in?

A

II

31
Q

Which lamina is missing at some cord levels?

A

VI - most anterior portion of dorsal horn

32
Q

TEST YO-SELF!

Answers on the back.

A

Clockwise:

Gracilis, Cuneatus, Dorsolateral Tract (of Lissauer), Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract, Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract, Lateral Spinocerebellar Tract, Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract, Anterior Corticospinal Tract, Tectospinal, Medial Reticulospinal, Lateral Reticulospinal, Vestibulospinal, Rubrospinal, Lateral Corticospinal, Fasciculus Proprius

Good Children Don’t Plot After Lions Ate All The Men Left. Vengence Ruins Lions Fun.

33
Q

What is Romberg’s test?

A

Most commonly misinterpreted test!

Tests: Balance system: vision, proprioception, vestibular (If only 2/3 work that’s a-okay)

Test for tracts in dorsal funiculus/posterior column/proprioceptor issues

34
Q

T/F: Internal Arcuate Fibers are part of the Gracilis/Cuneatus tract.

A

FALSE! They are part of the pathway, not the tract.

35
Q

What are the differences between the Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tracts?

A

Lateral - crosses quickly, pain/temperature, RL II, V

Anterior - crosses gradually, light touch/pressure, RL III, IV

**contralateral tract**

36
Q

What is the difference between thermoanaesthesia and analgesia?

A

Thermoanaesthesia - loss of temperature sensation

Analgesia - loss of pain sensation

Both lesions are related to the spinothalamic tracts

**Remember these will be contralateral symptoms**

37
Q

Which tracts make up a large part of the anterolateral system?

A

Spinothalamic Tracts

38
Q

Where is the origin of the anterior spinocerebellar tract?

A

Lumbo-sacral

39
Q

Name the termination for both Spinocerebellar tracts

A

Anterior spinocerebellar - Superior cerebellar peduncle

Posterior spinocerebellar - Inferior cerebellar peduncle

40
Q

Where do the Spinocerebellar tracts cross?

A

Anterior - crosses twice - once in cord, once in cerebellum

Posterior - does not cross

41
Q

Which tract deals with proprioceptive input/fine movements?

A

Posterior Spinocerebellar

42
Q

Which tract deals with gross movements of the lower body?

A

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract

43
Q

Where does the cuneocerebellar tract originate? How does it ascend to the cerebellum? What is its function?

A

Origin - Accessory cuneate nucleus in the M.O.

Enters cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle

Fxn: proprioceptive input/fine movements of upper extremity

44
Q

Where do the Lateral and Anterior Corticospinal tracts cross?

A

Lateral - pyramids of MO (runs entire cord)

Anterior - spinal cord (terminates at T6)

45
Q

Describe the functions of the Corticospinal tracts

A

Anterior - unclear, but seem to influence axial musculature of neck/shoulders

Lateral - Skilled voluntary muscle movements, especially in distal extremities

46
Q

Which lamina(e) do the corticospinal fibers synapse in?

A

RL VII, which usually find synapse in IX.

**Less than 3% of Lateral Corticospinal axons terminate directly on IX**

47
Q

What are giant pyramidal (Betz) cells?

A

Lateral Corticospinal axons that synapse directly on RL IX

48
Q

What is a unique feature of the corticospinal fibers?

A

They are the only axons that begin in the cerebral cortex and run uninterrupted to the spinal cord

49
Q

What is the difference between UMN and LMN?

A

UMN - Neurons in cortex/brainstem (CNS only) that influence the lower motor neurons (corticospinals)

LMN - Originate in spinal cord/brain stem and extend fibers into PNS to innervate somatic muscles

50
Q

What are clinical signs of a UMN lesion?

A

Hyperreflexia

Increased muscle tone

Babinski sign

e.g. Cerebral Palsy

51
Q

What are clinical signs of a LMN?

A

Hyopreflexia/areflexia

Decreased muscle tone and atrophy

Reduction/absense of voluntary movement

e.g. Polio (acute anterior poliomyelitis)

52
Q

Pyramidal neurons are upper motor neurons that are involved with what type of movement?

A

Initiation of skilled voluntary movements

**Corticospinals**

53
Q

Extrapyramidal neurons are UMNs originating in the ___ and allow voluntary movements to be smooth and effective. What three things do they influence?

A

Origin = brain stem

Influence: posture, muscle tone, enhance reflexes

54
Q

What is the origin/termination of the Tectospinal tract?

A

O - Superior colliculus of the midbrain’s Tectum

T - C4

55
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

A

Postural reflex dealing with sight/auditory stimuli via adjustments to SCM/trapezius via CN XI

56
Q

Which tract may assume corticospinal tract function when injury occurs in the corticospinal system?

A

Rubrospinal

BUT ALSO!

Reticulospinal

57
Q

What is primarily influenced by the rubrospinal tract?

A

Hand/foot flexors. Inhibit extensors.

58
Q

Which fibers are strongly influenced by the cerebellum and cerebral cortex for extrapyramidal muscle tone control?

A

Rubrospinal Tract

**Contralateral!**

59
Q

What is the origin/termination of the Vestibulospinal tract? Where does it cross?

A

O - lateral part of vestibular nucleus in the M.O. (Deiters’ Nucleus)

T - Runs entire cord along anterior-lateral funicular jxn

DOES NOT CROSS, MOFOS!

60
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Muscle tone/postural adjustment in IPSILATERAL extensor muscles

Inhibits flexors no doy

Maintains proper orientation in FALLING, enhances spinal reflex capability

61
Q

What’s so special about the Fasciculus proprius?

A

They’re the first fibers to be myelinated in the fetus!

ALSO!

Contain spinospino fibers

Coordinate spinal reflexes

62
Q

Where is the fasciculus proprius located?

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Vv5CsP1pAg

but for real, all dem cord levels.

63
Q

What are the two Reticulospinal Tracts and where is their origin?

A

Medial (Pontine) - in Pons Tegmentum

Lateral (Medullary) - Medulla Oblongata

64
Q

What is the fxn of the Reticulospinal tracts?

A

Autonomic function

**Heart, blood pressure, respiratory rates/rhythms**

65
Q

What is Brown-Sequard Syndrome?

A

Total loss of either right/left side of the spinal cord (Hemisection)

66
Q

Which tract is primarily affected by destruction of the UMNs and LMNs in ALS?

A

Lateral Corticospinal Tracts

67
Q

What lesion results in wasting (Tabes) away of the dorsal funiculus?

A

Tabes Dorsalis

CNS (1 decks)

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