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Biology 121 > Exam 2 Topics > Flashcards

Exam 2 Topics Flashcards

Prepare for Exam 2 by understanding various topics

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1
Q

Proteins are composed of subunits known as

A

Amino Acids

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2
Q

Amino acids are composed of which functional groups?

A
  • Amino group

- Carboxyl group

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3
Q

What is an R-group?

A

A side chain composed of unspecified atoms

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4
Q

The bond connecting amino acids in a polypeptide is called the ______ bond

A

Peptide

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5
Q

The interactions responsible for a protein’s secondary structure are _______ bonds between atoms in the amino and carboxyl groups of the amino acids.

A

Hydrogen

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6
Q

The two types of secondary structure in proteins are the

______ helix and the ______ pleated sheet.

A
  • Alpha

- Beta

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7
Q

In a glycoprotein, what is attached to the protein?

A

Sugar

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8
Q

The loss of a protein’s 3-dimensional structure leading to a loss of its function is called _______.

A

Denaturation

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9
Q

What nucleotide is the energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP

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10
Q

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A
  • Phosphate Group
  • Sugar
  • Base
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11
Q

The sugars ribose and deoxyribose are the same except that deoxyribose is missing one _____ atom from the molecule.

A

Oxygen

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12
Q

__________ are regions of the DNA that code for the amino acid sequence of proteins.

A

Genes

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13
Q

RNA stands for ____

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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14
Q

DNA stands for ____

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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15
Q

The name “nucleic acid” comes from the fact that they are found in the ______ of cells and that they contain the functional group _______, which (like a carboxyl) is a weak acid.

A
  • Nucleus

- Phosphate

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16
Q

What reaction connects nucleotides to make nucleic acids?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

17
Q

The two strands of DNA are held together by _______ bonds between their bases.

A

Hydrogen

18
Q

What are the parts of a phospholipid?

A
  • Glycerol Backbone
  • Fatty Acids
  • Polar Group
  • Phosphate Group
19
Q

Describe the arrangement of phospholipids in a cell membrane.

A

Two layers: polar heads face out and non-polar tails face inward

20
Q

What factors can affect the fluidity of a cell membrane?

A
  • fatty acid chain length
  • presence of cholesterol
  • temperature
  • saturation of the fatty acids
21
Q

To maintain membrane fluidity, an organism moving to a colder environment would need to do what three things?

A
  • shorten its fatty acid chain length
  • decrease fatty acid saturation
  • add cholesterol to the membrane
22
Q

Where would you be most likely to find glycoproteins in the cell?

A

in the cell membrane with the sugar extending to the extracellular side.

23
Q

hypotonic

A

region with lower concentration

24
Q

isotonic

A

equal concentration

25
Q

hypertonic

A

region with higher concentration

26
Q

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

27
Q

Cells in a hypotonic environment will…

A

Take in water

28
Q

Membrane proteins can form ___________ to create “holes” through the lipid bilayer that water and small ions can diffuse through.

A

Channels

29
Q

An alternative to channels is a ______, which is a protein that uses a shape change to carry cargo across the membrane.

A

Transporter protein

30
Q
  • Uses energy (ATP)

- moves a substance up (against) its concentration gradient

A

Active transport

31
Q
  • Does not require energy

- moves a substance down (along) its concentration gradient

A

Passive transport

32
Q

All the DNA with its organizing proteins is called _______.

A

Chromatin

33
Q

Structures for making proteins from an RNA (process: translation) are called ________.

A

Ribosomes

34
Q

The primary function of ________ is to make lipids (but it has a number of other functions too); it has no attached ribosomes.

A

Smooth ER

35
Q

What types of organelles make ATP?

A

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

Biology 121 (2 decks)

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