Exam 2 Topics Flashcards
Prepare for Exam 2 by understanding various topics
Proteins are composed of subunits known as
Amino Acids
Amino acids are composed of which functional groups?
- Amino group
- Carboxyl group
What is an R-group?
A side chain composed of unspecified atoms
The bond connecting amino acids in a polypeptide is called the ______ bond
Peptide
The interactions responsible for a protein’s secondary structure are _______ bonds between atoms in the amino and carboxyl groups of the amino acids.
Hydrogen
The two types of secondary structure in proteins are the
______ helix and the ______ pleated sheet.
- Alpha
- Beta
In a glycoprotein, what is attached to the protein?
Sugar
The loss of a protein’s 3-dimensional structure leading to a loss of its function is called _______.
Denaturation
What nucleotide is the energy currency of the cell?
ATP
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
- Phosphate Group
- Sugar
- Base
The sugars ribose and deoxyribose are the same except that deoxyribose is missing one _____ atom from the molecule.
Oxygen
__________ are regions of the DNA that code for the amino acid sequence of proteins.
Genes
RNA stands for ____
Ribonucleic Acid
DNA stands for ____
deoxyribonucleic acid
The name “nucleic acid” comes from the fact that they are found in the ______ of cells and that they contain the functional group _______, which (like a carboxyl) is a weak acid.
- Nucleus
- Phosphate
What reaction connects nucleotides to make nucleic acids?
Dehydration Synthesis
The two strands of DNA are held together by _______ bonds between their bases.
Hydrogen
What are the parts of a phospholipid?
- Glycerol Backbone
- Fatty Acids
- Polar Group
- Phosphate Group
Describe the arrangement of phospholipids in a cell membrane.
Two layers: polar heads face out and non-polar tails face inward
What factors can affect the fluidity of a cell membrane?
- fatty acid chain length
- presence of cholesterol
- temperature
- saturation of the fatty acids
To maintain membrane fluidity, an organism moving to a colder environment would need to do what three things?
- shorten its fatty acid chain length
- decrease fatty acid saturation
- add cholesterol to the membrane
Where would you be most likely to find glycoproteins in the cell?
in the cell membrane with the sugar extending to the extracellular side.
hypotonic
region with lower concentration
isotonic
equal concentration
