Exam 2 Terms (meant for developmental genetics)

Question 1

What stage of development is this?
Egg and sperm combine to create zygote

Answer 1

fertilization

Question 2

What stage of development is this?
Zygote does mitosis to form blastocyst

Answer 2

cleavage

Question 3

What stage of development is this?
Blastocyst creates germ layers

Answer 3

gastrulation

Question 4

What stage of development is this?
Germ layers arrange themselves in to organs

Answer 4

organogenisis

Question 5

___________ is when the egg is able to develop without the sperm

Answer 5

parthenogenisis

Question 6

What is karyokinesis?

Answer 6

mitotic division of cell nucleus

Question 7

Can karyokinesis occur without cytokinesis?

Answer 7

Yes, forms multiple nuclei in one cell

Question 8

What is a holoblastic cleavage?

Answer 8

eggs containing no yolk is cleaved

Question 9

What is a meroblastic cleavage?

Answer 9

eggs containing only yolk is cleaved

Question 10

What are the 3 body axes?

Answer 10

1. dorsal/ventral
2. anterior/posterior
3. lateral (left-right)

Question 11

When does the first signs of polarity occur?

Answer 11

in a minute

Question 12

What are the 3 germ layers?

Answer 12

1. ectoderm
2. mesoderm
3. endoderm

Question 13

What is the order of the germ layers?

Answer 13

Ectoderm (outer)
Mesoderm (middle)
Endoderm (inner)

Question 14

What organs will the endoderm layer form?

Answer 14

gut

Question 15

what organs will the mesoderm layer form?

Answer 15

muscles
circulatory system
blood

Question 16

what organs will the ectoderm layer form?

Answer 16

skin and nervous system

Question 17

What type of cell movement is this?
in-folding of cell sheet into the embryo

Answer 17

invagination

Question 18

What type of cell movement is this?
in-turning of a cell sheet over the outer layer

Answer 18

involution

Question 19

What type of cell movement is this?
migration of individual cells into the embryo

Answer 19

ingression

Question 20

What type of cell movement is this?
splitting/migration of one cell sheet into two sheets

Answer 20

delamination

Question 21

What type of cell movement is this?
expansion of one cell sheet over the over

Answer 21

epiboly

Question 22

In regards to B-catenin over-expression during sea urchin development, is it located in the nuclei? and what germ layers are present?

Answer 22

ALL nuclei; endoderm and mesoderm

Question 23

During organogenesis, which organ/system develops first?

Answer 23

nervous system

Question 24

During development of the nervous system, ______________ grows and induces overlying ectoderm to form a neutral plate, groove, then fold

Answer 24

notochord

Question 25

What two transcription factors are required for development of the neural tube?

Answer 25

TGF-B and SHH

Question 26

During the development of the neural tube, is the transcription factor TGF-B on the dorsal or ventral side?

Answer 26

dorsal

Question 27

In plant development, do apical or basal cells become shoot tissue?

Answer 27

apical

Question 28

Can plants continue to develop post-embryonic and why?

Answer 28

yes; they are totipotent

Question 29

What is the main plant hormone involved in polarity?

Answer 29

auxin

Question 30

What are the three ways to measure hormone levels?

Answer 30

1. direct measurements 2. antibodies 3. reporters

Question 31

What is an example of measuring hormone levels using reporters?

Answer 31

transgenic lines (indirect)

Question 32

What species has the only full fate map?

Answer 32

C. elegans

Question 33

Why is is difficult to make full fate maps?

Answer 33

you have to watch every single cell division

Question 34

What are 5 tools of fate mapping?

Answer 34

1. vital dyes 2. fluorescent dyes 3. genetic marking 4. physical cell destruction 5. molecular tools

Question 35

In regards to fate mapping tools, what kind of tool is mutation or RNAi analysis or transcriptomics?

Answer 35

molecular tool

Question 36

In regards to fate mapping tools, what kind of tool is molecular marking like reporter genes?

Answer 36

genetic marking

Question 37

What is a common type of fluorescent dye?

Answer 37

GFP

Question 38

What is a morphogen?

Answer 38

any compound that influences the fate of a cell based on its concentration (how close the cell is to the morphogen)

Question 39

Why are morphogens important for development?

Answer 39

establishes polarity

Question 40

When tissue is transplanted how does it adapt to its new environment?

Answer 40

tissue doesn't respecify but it does differentiate to adapt to new levels of morphogens

Question 41

Morphogen gradients can drive expression BUT...?

Answer 41

only of genes of the same origin

Question 42

What 2 things make a molecule a morphogen?

Answer 42

1. cells respond directly to that molecule 2. differentiation of the cells will depend on the concentration of that molecule (morphogen)

Question 43

Why would a strip of expression form on a morphogen gradient?

Answer 43

some gene expression needs to be in the "just right" range

Question 44

What 6 mechanisms are used to interpret or regulate a morphogen gradient?

Answer 44

1. differential binding site affinity 2. combinatorial input 3. feed forward loop 4. positive feedback 5. cross repression 6. reciprocal repressor gradient

Question 45

Describe differential binding site affinity

Answer 45

binding sites require different [morphogen] to activate

Question 46

Describe combinatorial input

Answer 46

requires X+morphogen to activate

Question 47

Describe feed forward loop

Answer 47

X+Y = XY = activated

Question 48

Describe positive feedback

Answer 48

once turned on doesn't turn off

Question 49

Describe cross repression (symmetrical and asymetrical)

Answer 49

symmetrical: 2 genes repress each other asymmetrical: 1 gene represses another

Question 50

Describe reciprocal repressor gradient

Answer 50

2 gradients oppose each other (2 triangles make a rectangle)

Question 51

Gradients are not static. Why?

Answer 51

they are affected a lot by time

Question 52

What are the 2 processes of developmental progression in flies?

Answer 52

1. polarity formation 2. formation of body segments

Question 53

In what order do flies body segments develope?

Answer 53

1. parasegments 2. embryonic 3. adult

Question 54

What are the three major classes of genes controlling development in flies ?

Answer 54

1. maternal effect genes 2. segmentation genes 3. homeotic genes

Question 55

What do maternal effect genes establish in flies?

Answer 55

body axes

Question 56

Maternal effect genes in flies are bicoid, nanos, and torso genes. What axes do each apply to?

Answer 56

bicoid: anterior nanos: posterior torso: terminal

Question 57

The maternal effect gene in flies, bicoid, induces or represses hunchback?

Answer 57

induces

Question 58

the maternal effect gene in flies, nanos, induces or represses caudal?

Answer 58

caudal

Question 59

maternal effect gene, bicoid, forms what structure in flies?

Answer 59

head

Question 60

In flies, what are the 3 types of segments gene in development in order?

Answer 60

1. gap 2. pair rule 3. segment polarity

Question 61

In flies, how are gradient boundaries maintained?

Answer 61

paracrine loops

Question 62

In flies, what does homeotic genes form?

Answer 62

organs

Question 63

What is the homeotic mutation, antennapedia, in flies cause?

Answer 63

antennae into legs

Question 64

What is the homeotic mutation, ultrabithorax, in flies cause?

Answer 64

extra wings

Question 65

Is macro or micro evolution observing changes at the species level?

Answer 65

micro

Question 66

what is macroevolution?

Answer 66

large scale changes based on changes in modules

Question 67

What are modules?

Answer 67

parts of organism that can be changed without interfering with function of other body parts

Question 68

At the gene level, modules occur via ____________

Answer 68

molecular parsimony

Question 69

What is molecular parsimony?

Answer 69

gene duplication followed by redifferentiation of function

Question 70

What is the type of molecular parsimony, subfunctionalization, look like?

Answer 70

when the gene is duplicated the info is split half and half between two genes

Question 71

What is the type of molecular parsimony, neofunctionalization, look like?

Answer 71

one copy is normal and the second has mutation

Question 72

_________ is a gene related to another gene evolutionarily

Answer 72

homolog

Question 73

_________ are related genes in different species which evolved from a common ancestor (speciation)

Answer 73

ortholog

Question 74

_________ are related genes within the same genome, which have appeared via a gene duplication event

Answer 74

paralog

Question 75

Do paralogs or orthologs often retain the same function over time

Answer 75

orthologs

Question 76

Do paralogs or orthologs often evolve novel functions or non functionals

Answer 76

paralogs

Question 77

Can signal transduction pathways be homologous?

Answer 77

yes

Question 78

What do Homeobox (hox) genes specify?

Answer 78

body parts and segment identity

Question 79

All homeotic genes conatin the segment gene ___________

Answer 79

homeobox

Question 80

What are the 4 mechanisms of macroevolution?

Answer 80

1. heterotopy 2. heterochrony 3. heterometry 4. heterotypy

Question 81

What is the macroevolution mechanism heterotopy?

Answer 81

change in expression location

Question 82

What is the macroevolution mechanism heterochrony?

Answer 82

change of expression timing

Question 83

What is the macroevolution mechanism heterometry?

Answer 83

change in expression amount

Question 84

What is the macroevolution mechanism heterotypy?

Answer 84

change in function

Question 85

What macroevolution mechanism when increased affects the coding region of the gene

Answer 85

heterotypy

Question 86

Phenotype is the genotype + __________

Answer 86

enviorment

Question 87

What is phenotypic plasticity?

Answer 87

a genotype may develop distinct phenotype in response to different environment

Question 88

Plasticity is under _________ control

Answer 88

genetic control

Question 89

what are the three ways environment alters phenotype?

Answer 89

1. direct activation of signaling pathways 2. modification of genes 3. indirect activation

Question 90

What are 2 examples of direct activation of signaling pathways because of environment?

Answer 90

pressure/gravity light

Question 91

What is an example of modification of at the gene level because of the environment?

Answer 91

mutations/allele formation

Question 92

does calories restriction increase life span and how?

Answer 92

increase life span through lower metabolism

Question 93

In grasshoppers, when populations are high what do the adults look like?

Answer 93

brown, long wings, migrate

Question 94

What chemical is DDT?

Answer 94

insecticide

Question 95

what chemical is dioxin?

Answer 95

by-product of pesticides and paper plants

Question 96

what chemicals are PCPs?

Answer 96

used in refrigerants

Question 97

What are endocrine disruptors?

Answer 97

drugs/chemicals that mimic or interfere with hormones

Question 98

What is an example of an endocrine disruptor?

Answer 98

DES

Question 99

What are environmental estrogens?

Answer 99

class of chemicals that mimic estrogen

Question 100

what chemical is BPA?

Answer 100

in plastics; synthetic estrogen