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Genomic Biology > Exam 2 Terms (meant for developmental genetics) > Flashcards

Exam 2 Terms (meant for developmental genetics) Flashcards

1
Q

What stage of development is this?
Egg and sperm combine to create zygote

A

fertilization

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2
Q

What stage of development is this?
Zygote does mitosis to form blastocyst

A

cleavage

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3
Q

What stage of development is this?
Blastocyst creates germ layers

A

gastrulation

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4
Q

What stage of development is this?
Germ layers arrange themselves in to organs

A

organogenisis

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5
Q

___________ is when the egg is able to develop without the sperm

A

parthenogenisis

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6
Q

What is karyokinesis?

A

mitotic division of cell nucleus

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7
Q

Can karyokinesis occur without cytokinesis?

A

Yes, forms multiple nuclei in one cell

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8
Q

What is a holoblastic cleavage?

A

eggs containing no yolk is cleaved

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9
Q

What is a meroblastic cleavage?

A

eggs containing only yolk is cleaved

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10
Q

What are the 3 body axes?

A
  1. dorsal/ventral
  2. anterior/posterior
  3. lateral (left-right)
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11
Q

When does the first signs of polarity occur?

A

in a minute

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12
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
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13
Q

What is the order of the germ layers?

A

Ectoderm (outer)
Mesoderm (middle)
Endoderm (inner)

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14
Q

What organs will the endoderm layer form?

A

gut

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15
Q

what organs will the mesoderm layer form?

A

muscles
circulatory system
blood

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16
Q

what organs will the ectoderm layer form?

A

skin and nervous system

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17
Q

What type of cell movement is this?
in-folding of cell sheet into the embryo

A

invagination

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18
Q

What type of cell movement is this?
in-turning of a cell sheet over the outer layer

A

involution

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19
Q

What type of cell movement is this?
migration of individual cells into the embryo

A

ingression

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20
Q

What type of cell movement is this?
splitting/migration of one cell sheet into two sheets

A

delamination

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21
Q

What type of cell movement is this?
expansion of one cell sheet over the over

A

epiboly

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22
Q

In regards to B-catenin over-expression during sea urchin development, is it located in the nuclei? and what germ layers are present?

A

ALL nuclei; endoderm and mesoderm

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23
Q

During organogenesis, which organ/system develops first?

A

nervous system

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24
Q

During development of the nervous system, ______________ grows and induces overlying ectoderm to form a neutral plate, groove, then fold

A

notochord

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25
Q

What two transcription factors are required for development of the neural tube?

A

TGF-B and SHH

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26
Q

During the development of the neural tube, is the transcription factor TGF-B on the dorsal or ventral side?

A

dorsal

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27
Q

In plant development, do apical or basal cells become shoot tissue?

A

apical

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28
Q

Can plants continue to develop post-embryonic and why?

A

yes; they are totipotent

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29
Q

What is the main plant hormone involved in polarity?

A

auxin

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30
Q

What are the three ways to measure hormone levels?

A
  1. direct measurements
  2. antibodies
  3. reporters
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31
Q

What is an example of measuring hormone levels using reporters?

A

transgenic lines (indirect)

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32
Q

What species has the only full fate map?

A

C. elegans

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33
Q

Why is is difficult to make full fate maps?

A

you have to watch every single cell division

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34
Q

What are 5 tools of fate mapping?

A
  1. vital dyes
  2. fluorescent dyes
  3. genetic marking
  4. physical cell destruction
  5. molecular tools
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35
Q

In regards to fate mapping tools, what kind of tool is mutation or RNAi analysis or transcriptomics?

A

molecular tool

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36
Q

In regards to fate mapping tools, what kind of tool is molecular marking like reporter genes?

A

genetic marking

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37
Q

What is a common type of fluorescent dye?

A

GFP

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38
Q

What is a morphogen?

A

any compound that influences the fate of a cell based on its concentration (how close the cell is to the morphogen)

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39
Q

Why are morphogens important for development?

A

establishes polarity

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40
Q

When tissue is transplanted how does it adapt to its new environment?

A

tissue doesn’t respecify but it does differentiate to adapt to new levels of morphogens

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41
Q

Morphogen gradients can drive expression BUT…?

A

only of genes of the same origin

42
Q

What 2 things make a molecule a morphogen?

A
  1. cells respond directly to that molecule
  2. differentiation of the cells will depend on the concentration of that molecule (morphogen)
43
Q

Why would a strip of expression form on a morphogen gradient?

A

some gene expression needs to be in the “just right” range

44
Q

What 6 mechanisms are used to interpret or regulate a morphogen gradient?

A
  1. differential binding site affinity
  2. combinatorial input
  3. feed forward loop
  4. positive feedback
  5. cross repression
  6. reciprocal repressor gradient
45
Q

Describe differential binding site affinity

A

binding sites require different [morphogen] to activate

46
Q

Describe combinatorial input

A

requires X+morphogen to activate

47
Q

Describe feed forward loop

A

X+Y = XY = activated

48
Q

Describe positive feedback

A

once turned on doesn’t turn off

49
Q

Describe cross repression (symmetrical and asymetrical)

A

symmetrical: 2 genes repress each other
asymmetrical: 1 gene represses another

50
Q

Describe reciprocal repressor gradient

A

2 gradients oppose each other (2 triangles make a rectangle)

51
Q

Gradients are not static. Why?

A

they are affected a lot by time

52
Q

What are the 2 processes of developmental progression in flies?

A
  1. polarity formation
  2. formation of body segments
53
Q

In what order do flies body segments develope?

A
  1. parasegments
  2. embryonic
  3. adult
54
Q

What are the three major classes of genes controlling development in flies ?

A
  1. maternal effect genes
  2. segmentation genes
  3. homeotic genes
55
Q

What do maternal effect genes establish in flies?

A

body axes

56
Q

Maternal effect genes in flies are bicoid, nanos, and torso genes. What axes do each apply to?

A

bicoid: anterior
nanos: posterior
torso: terminal

57
Q

The maternal effect gene in flies, bicoid, induces or represses hunchback?

A

induces

58
Q

the maternal effect gene in flies, nanos, induces or represses caudal?

A

caudal

59
Q

maternal effect gene, bicoid, forms what structure in flies?

A

head

60
Q

In flies, what are the 3 types of segments gene in development in order?

A
  1. gap
  2. pair rule
  3. segment polarity
61
Q

In flies, how are gradient boundaries maintained?

A

paracrine loops

62
Q

In flies, what does homeotic genes form?

A

organs

63
Q

What is the homeotic mutation, antennapedia, in flies cause?

A

antennae into legs

64
Q

What is the homeotic mutation, ultrabithorax, in flies cause?

A

extra wings

65
Q

Is macro or micro evolution observing changes at the species level?

A

micro

66
Q

what is macroevolution?

A

large scale changes based on changes in modules

67
Q

What are modules?

A

parts of organism that can be changed without interfering with function of other body parts

68
Q

At the gene level, modules occur via ____________

A

molecular parsimony

69
Q

What is molecular parsimony?

A

gene duplication followed by redifferentiation of function

70
Q

What is the type of molecular parsimony, subfunctionalization, look like?

A

when the gene is duplicated the info is split half and half between two genes

71
Q

What is the type of molecular parsimony, neofunctionalization, look like?

A

one copy is normal and the second has mutation

72
Q

_________ is a gene related to another gene evolutionarily

A

homolog

73
Q

_________ are related genes in different species which evolved from a common ancestor (speciation)

A

ortholog

74
Q

_________ are related genes within the same genome, which have appeared via a gene duplication event

A

paralog

75
Q

Do paralogs or orthologs often retain the same function over time

A

orthologs

76
Q

Do paralogs or orthologs often evolve novel functions or non functionals

A

paralogs

77
Q

Can signal transduction pathways be homologous?

A

yes

78
Q

What do Homeobox (hox) genes specify?

A

body parts and segment identity

79
Q

All homeotic genes conatin the segment gene ___________

A

homeobox

80
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of macroevolution?

A
  1. heterotopy
  2. heterochrony
  3. heterometry
  4. heterotypy
81
Q

What is the macroevolution mechanism heterotopy?

A

change in expression location

82
Q

What is the macroevolution mechanism heterochrony?

A

change of expression timing

83
Q

What is the macroevolution mechanism heterometry?

A

change in expression amount

84
Q

What is the macroevolution mechanism heterotypy?

A

change in function

85
Q

What macroevolution mechanism when increased affects the coding region of the gene

A

heterotypy

86
Q

Phenotype is the genotype + __________

A

enviorment

87
Q

What is phenotypic plasticity?

A

a genotype may develop distinct phenotype in response to different environment

88
Q

Plasticity is under _________ control

A

genetic control

89
Q

what are the three ways environment alters phenotype?

A
  1. direct activation of signaling pathways
  2. modification of genes
  3. indirect activation
90
Q

What are 2 examples of direct activation of signaling pathways because of environment?

A

pressure/gravity
light

91
Q

What is an example of modification of at the gene level because of the environment?

A

mutations/allele formation

92
Q

does calories restriction increase life span and how?

A

increase life span through lower metabolism

93
Q

In grasshoppers, when populations are high what do the adults look like?

A

brown, long wings, migrate

94
Q

What chemical is DDT?

A

insecticide

95
Q

what chemical is dioxin?

A

by-product of pesticides and paper plants

96
Q

what chemicals are PCPs?

A

used in refrigerants

97
Q

What are endocrine disruptors?

A

drugs/chemicals that mimic or interfere with hormones

98
Q

What is an example of an endocrine disruptor?

A

DES

99
Q

What are environmental estrogens?

A

class of chemicals that mimic estrogen

100
Q

what chemical is BPA?

A

in plastics; synthetic estrogen

Genomic Biology (6 decks)

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