Exam 2 terms Flashcards
a slowly progressive noninflammatory disorder of the diarthrodial (synovial) joints
osteoarthritis
a grave coagulopathy resulting from the overstimulation of clotting and anticlotting processes in response to disease or injury
disseminated intravascular coagulation
a marked decrease in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
pancytopenia
the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute
cardiac output
an abnormal decrease in the number of total white blood cells to <4000/uL
leukopenia
the osmotic pressure of a colloid in solution
oncotic pressure
a common disorder characterized by sustained elevation of blood pressure
hypertension
a progressive megaloblastic macrocytic anemia resulting from inadequate gastric secretion of intrinsic factor necessary for absorption of cobalamin
pernicious anemia
a maneuver that involves contraction of the chest muscles on a closed glottis with simultaneous contraction of the abdominal muscles
Valsalva maneuver
hypoxemia
low oxygen tension in the blood characterized by a variety of nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms
a continual process resulting in the dissolution of fibrin to maintain blood in its fluid form
fibrinolysis
nosebleed
epistaxis
a physical examination techinque in which the examiner taps the body with the fingertips or fist
percussion
hereditary bleeding disorders caused by defective or deficient clotting factors
hemophilia
resistance to flexion of the neck
nuchal rigidity
a reduction of the platelet count
thrombocytopenia
an autosomal recessive genetic disorder of inadequate production of normal hemoglobin
thalassemia
a condition marked by excessive platelets; a disorder that occurs with inflammation and some malignant disorders
thrombocytosis
wasting of muscle, characterized by decreased circumference and flabby appearance leading to decreased function and tone
atrophy
an autosomal recessive disease characterized by increased intestinal iron absorption and, as a result, increased tissue iron deposition
hemochromatosis
seizure characterized by a brief staring spell and a very brief loss of consciousness that usually occurs only in children and rarely continues beyond adolescence
absence (petit mal) seizures
the first episode of menstrual bleeding; indicates female has reached puberty
menarche
a physical exmination technique in which the examiner feels the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts with the hands
palpation
a symptom of yellowish discoloration of body tissues that results from an increased concentration of bilirubin in the blood
jaundice
bruising
ecchymoses
vomiting of blood that indicates bleeding in the upper GI tract
hematemesis
techinique in which substances move from the blood through a semipermeable membrane and into a dialysis solution
dialysis
a group of inherited, autosomal recessive disorders characterized by the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte
sickle cell disease
a malignant condition characterized by proliferation of abnormal gieat, multinucleated cells, called Reed-Sternberg cells which are located in lymph nodes
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
insufficient circulation of thyroid hormones resulting in a hypometabolic state
hypothyroidism
breast conserving surgery that involves the removal of the entire tumor along with a margin of normal tissue
lumpectomy
the physiologic cessation of menses associated with declining ovarian function
menopause
an abnormal reduction of the neutrophil count to <1000uL
neutropenia
malignant neoplasms originating in the bone marrow and lymphatic structures resulting in the proliferation of lymphocytes
lymphomas
the state in which the PaO2 has fallen sufficiently to cause signs and symptoms of inadequate oxygenation
hypoxia
a thromboembolic occlusion of the pulmonary vasculature resulting from thrombi in the venous circulation or right side of the heart that travel as emoli until lodging in the pulmonay vessels
pulmonary embolism
a type of macrophage found in the liver that removes bacteria and toxins from the blood
Kupffer cells
a retrovirus that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrom
human immunodeficiency virus
a broad term given to a group of malignant diseases characterized by diffuse replacement of bone marrow with proliferating leukocyte precursors
leukemia
an abnormal condition with excessive levels of red blood cells
polycythemia
chronic progressive disease of the liver characterized by extensive degeneration and destruction of the liver parenchymal cells
cirrhosis
a microcytic hypochromic anemia caused by inadequate supplies of iron needed to synthesize hemoglobin; characterized by pallor, fatigue and weakness
iron deficiency anemia
a condition in which malignant neoplastic plasma cells infiltrate the bone marrow and destroy bone
multiple myeloma
increased venous pressure in the portal circulation caused by compression and destruction of the portal and hepatic veins and sinusoids
portal hypertension
distended, tortuous, fragile veins at the lower end of the esophagus that result from portal hypertension
esophageal varices
accumlation of lymph in soft tissue with swelling resulting from inflammation, obstruction, or removal of lymph channels and nodes
lymphedema
erosion of the GI mucosa that results from the digestive action of HCl acid and pepsin
peptic ulcer disease
itching
pruritus
an anemia caused by destruction of RBCs at a rate that exceeds production
hemolytic anemia
small purplish lesions
petechiae
recurrent attacks of acute arthritis associated with increased levels of serum uric acid
gout
a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of connective tissue in the diarthrodial joints, typically with periods of remission and exacerbation
rhematoid arthritis
the thickening of the skin as a result of proliferation of kerationcytes with accentuation of the normal markings of the skin often caused by repeated scratching of a pruritic lesion
lichenification
a syndrome characterized by decreased tissue perfusion and impaired cellular metabolism resulting in an imbalance between the supply of and demand for oxygen and nutrients
shock
an abnormal condition that may affect the heart’s arteries and produce various pathologic effects, especially the reduced flow of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium
coronary artery disease
an acute life threatening hypersenstivity reaction to a sensitizing substance, such as a drug, chemical, vaccine, food, or insect venom
anaphylactic shock
a disorder of connective tissue characterized by fibrotic, degenerative, and occasionally inflammatory changes in the skin, blood vessels, synovium, skeletal muscle, and internal organs
scleroderma
clinical syndrome characterized by a rise in serum creatinine and/or a reduction in urine output
acute kidney injury
a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism due to progressive deterioration in kidney function
chronic kidney disease
an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; usually involves the lungs, but also occurs in the larynx, kidneys, bones, adrenal glands, lymph nodes, and meninges and can be disseminated throughout the body
tuberculosis
a surgical opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube may be inserted
tracheostomy
an inflammatory condition of the urinary bladder characterized by pain, urgency, frequency of urination, and hematuria
cystitis
an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction characterized by the fluctuating weakness of certain skeletal muscle groups
myasthenia gravis
the transplantation of stem cells obtained from the peripheral blood in an outpatient procedure; often takes more than one procedure to obtain enough stem cells
peripheral stem cell transplantation
a device that is applied externally or internally into the path of flowing blood to augment or replace the action of the ventricle of the heart
ventricular assist device
a tumor arising in cells producing melanin, usually the melanocytes of the skin
malignant melanoma
a diagnostic study using an IV contrast medium excreted through the urinary system; used to examine the structure and function of the urinary system
intravenous pyelogram
the resulting damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, a chronic condition characterized by scarring and deformity of the heart valves
rheumatic heart disease
an acute, life-threatening situation in which the lung alveoli become filled with serous or serosanguineous fluid, caused most commonly by heart failure
pulmonary edema
a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder associated with abnormalities of the immune system
systemic lupus erythematosus
a systemic inflammatory response to infection
sepsis
a chronic inflammatory lung disease that results in airflow obstruction; characterized by recurring episodes of paroxymal dyspnea, wheezing on expiration, and/or inspiration caused by constriction of the bronchi, coughing, and viscous mucoid bronchial secretions
asthma
a chronic, progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by disseminated demylination of nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord
multiple sclerosis
redness or inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes that result from dilation and congestion of superficial capillaries
erythema
the presence of kidney damage or decreased glomerular filtration rate for at least 3 months with functional or structural abnormalities, with or without decreased glomerular filtration rate
chronic kidney disease
a chronic skin disorder characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales
psoriasis
a pruritic skin eruption characterized by transient wheals of varying shapes and sizes with well-defined erythematous margins and pale centers; usually an allergic phenomenon
urticaria
a metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and pathologic fractures
osteoporosis
a chronic neurologic disorder caused by the brain’s inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally; results in fleeting urges to sleep throughout the day
narcolepsy
an immune related inflammation of the glomeruli characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, decreased urine production, and edema
glomerulonephritis
a malignant tumor that originates from embryonal mesoderm that becomes connective tissue, muscle, bone and fat
sarcoma
a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the axial skeleton, including the sacroiliac joints, intervertebral disc spaces, and costovertebral articulations
ankylosing spondylitis
inflammation of a joint; most prevalent types are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout
arthritis
an inborn error of metabolism characterized by the inability to hydrolyze peptides contained in gluten
celiac disease
a multisystem disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization or both
diabetes mellitus
an example of cytotoxic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of circulating antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane and alveolar basement membrane
Goodpasture syndrome
lockjaw; an extremely severe polyradiculitis and polyneuritis affecting spinal and cranial nerves that results from the effects of a potent neurotoxin released by the anaerobic bacillus Clostridium tetani
tetanus
an acute inflammation of the lungs, often caused by inhaled pneumococci of the species Streptococcus pneumoniae
pneumonia
an inflammatory disease of the heart that potentially involves all layers
rheumatic fever
the process of microvascular damage of the retina; may develop slowly or rapidly
retinopathy
a spirochetal infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted by the bite of an infected deer tick; characterized by fever, chills, headache, stiff neck, and migratory joint and muscle pain
Lyme disease
stones in the gallbladder
cholelithiasis
the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures
pulse pressure
inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
a separation of the retina from the retinal pigment epithelium in the back of the eye, allowing the vitreous humor to leak between the two layers
retinal detachment
shock occurring when either systolic or diastolic dysfunction of the myocardium results in compromised caridac output
cardiogenic shock
black tarry stools that indicate slow bleeding from an upper GI source
melena
elevated pulmonary pressure resulting from an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance to blood flow through small arteries and arterioles
pulmonary hypertension
the most serious form of heat stress; results from failure of the central thermoregulatory mechanisms and is considered a medical emergency
heatstroke
the lack of intestinal peristalis
paralytic ileus
congential or acquired weakness of the arterial wall resulting in dilation and ballooning of the vessel
aneurysm
ischemic muscle ache or pain precipitated by a consistent level of exercise, resolves within 10 minutes or less with rest, and is reproducible
intermittent claudication
inflammation of the mucosal lining of the esophagus caused by infection, irritation from a nasogastric tube, or, most commonly, backflow of gastric juice from the stomach
esophagitis
hypertrophy of the right side of the heart, with or without heart failure, resulting from pulmonary hypertension
cor pulmonale
the hydrostatic force measured in the brain cerebrospinal fluid compartment
intracranial pressure
a gentle blowing, fluttering, or humming sound heard on auscultation and produced by turbulent blood flow through the heart or the walls of large arteries
murmur
a state of temporary but acute mental confusion
delirium
a type of intra-renal acute injury of the kidney that affects the renal tubules, caused by renal ischemia and nephrotoxic injury
acute tubular necrosis
a complex of symptoms resulting from disorders in the intestinal absorption of nutrients, characterized by anorexia, weight loss, abdominal bloating, muscle cramps, bone pain, and steatorrhea
malabsorption syndrome
difficulty swallowing
dysphagia
removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound or a burn to prevent infection and promote healing
debridement
producing <400mL of urine in 24 hours
oliguria
a sudden and progressive form of acute respiratory failure in which the alveolar-capillary membrane becomes damaged and more permeable to intravascular fluid
acute respiratory distress syndrome
a subjective noise sensation, often described as ringing heard in one or both ears
tinnitus
a core temperature <95 degrees(35 C) that occurs when heat produced by the body cannot compensate for heat lost to the environment
hypothermia
a condition that occurs when the patient’s PaO2/FlO2 ratio is 200-300
acute lung injury
varicosities in the lower rectum or anus caused by congestion in the veins of the hemorrhoidal plexus
hemorrhoids
an irreversible cardiac cellular death caused by sustained myocardial ischemia
myocardial infarction
a group of related hematologic disorders characterized by a change in the quantity and quality of bone marrow elements
myelodysplastic syndrome
the infection of organs and tissues of the body by Treponema pallidum
syphilis
a disorder involving a thrombus in a deep vein; most commonly the iliac and femoral veins
deep vein thrombosis
the lowest point, such as the blood cell count after it has been depressed by chemotherapy
nadir
dialysis that uses an artificial membrane as the semipermeable membrane through which the patient’s blood circulates
hemodialysis
a condition in which elevated intracompartmental pressure within a confined myofascial compartment compromises the neurovascular function of tissues within that space
compartment syndrome
the presence of sepsis with hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation along with the presence of tissue perfusion abnormalities
septic shock
potentially cancer inducing genes
oncogenes
a band of scar tissue between or around organs
adhesion
a disease with a deficiency of all of the formed elements of blood, representing a failure of the cell-generating capacity of bone marrow
aplastic anemia
paralysis characterized by motor and/or sensory loss in the lower limbs and trunk
paraplegia
an abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of a fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes as a result of portal hypertension
ascites
a group of disorders caused by impaired DNA synthesis and characterized by the presence of large red blood cells
megaloblastic anemias
an accumulation of nitrogenous waste products such as blood urea nitrogen and creatinine
azotemia
a syndrome caused by brain disease, evidenced by chronic personality disintergration, confusion memory impairment, and deterioration of intellectual capacity and function
dementia
inflammation of the gastric mucosa
gastritis
a sensation that a person or objects around the person are moving or spinning; usually stimulated by movement of the head
vertigo
a group of diseases that directly affects the structural or functional ability of the myocardium
cardiomyopathy
an acute inflammation of the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord
meningitis
infectious diseases transmitted most commonly through sexual intercourse or genital contact
sexually transmitted infections
an acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate gland, usually as a result of infection
prostatitis
any type of bladder dysfunction related to abnormal or absent bladder innervation caused by a lesion of the nervous system
neurogenic bladder
a surgical procedure involving the removal of prostate tissue with the use of a resectoscope inserted through the urethra
transurethral resection of the prostate
a disease of the basal ganglia characterized by a slowing down in the initiation and execution of movement, increased muscle tone tremor at rest, and impaired postural reflexes
Parkinson’s Disease
an expandable meshlike structure designed to maintain vessel patency by compressing the arterial walls and resisiting vasoconstriction
stent
a collection of risk factors that increas an individual’s change of developing cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus
metabolic syndrome
an acute inflammation of the testis
orchitis
the act of listening for sounds within the body to evaluate the condition of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, pleura, intestines, or other organs
auscultation
the inability to attain or maintain an erect penis that allows satisfactory sexual performance
erectile dysfunction
a metabolic disorder resulting from the chronic and excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex or by the administration of glucocorticoids in large doses for several weeks or longer
Cushing syndrome
a nonmalignant, noninflammatory enlargement of the prostate gland caused by an increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue
benign prostatic hyperplasia
formation of foacl deposits of cholesterol and lipids known as atheromas or plaque, primarily within the intimal wall of arteries, that obstruct circulation
athersclerosis
the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and part of the bladder neck (ampulla)
radical prostatectomy
a diffuse pyogenic infection of the renal parenchyma and collecting system
pyelonephritis
the inability to achieve a pregnancy after at least 1 year of regular intercourse without contraception
infertility
a transient enlargement of one or both breasts in men
gynecomastia
the inability to empty the bladder despite micturition, or the accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate
urinary retention
the application of pulling force to an injured or diseased part of the body or an extremity while countertraction pulls in the opposite direction
traction
a constriction of the uncircumcised foreskin around the head of the penis making retraction difficult
phimosis
dilation or enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces resulting from obstruction in the lower urinary tract with backflow of urine to the kidney
hydronephrosis
surgical removal of the uterus
hysterectomy
surgical removal of the breast
mastectomy
the separation and disruption of previously joined wound edges, typically an abdominal incision
dehiscence
acute or chronic inflammation of the epidiymis, usually secondary to an infectious process, trauma, or urinary reflux down the vas deferns
epididyitis
a stroke resulting from intacranial bleeding into the cerebrospinal fluid filled space between the arachnoid and pia mater membranes on the surface of the brain
subarachnoid hemorrhage
an infection of the endocardial surface of the heart
infective endocarditis
difficulty related to the comprehension or use of language
dysphasia
abnormally low blood pressure occurring when an individual suddenly assumes a standing position
orthostatic hypotension
an atrial tachydysrhythmia identified by recurring, regular, sawtooth-shaped flutter waves
atrial flutter
a cardiac dysrhythmia characterized by a total disorganization of atrial electrical activity without effective atrial contraction
atrial fibrillation
increased accumulation of fluid in the extravascular spaces of brain tissue that can lead to increased intracranial pressure
cerebral edema
extra breath sounds that are not normally heard, such as crackles, rhonchi, wheezes, and pleural friction rubs
adventitious sounds
a constricting or narrowing
stenosis
a stroke resulting from thrombosis or narrowing of the blood vessel
thrombotic stroke
a paroxysmal, uncontrolled electrical discharge of neurons in the brain that interrupts normal function leading to a sudden, violent involuntary series of contractions of a group of muscles
seizure
a type of hemorrhagic stroke in which bleeding within the brain is caused by a rupture of a blood vessel
intracerebral hemorrhage
artificial airway created by inserting a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose, past the larynx, and bypassing the upper airway and laryngeal structures
endotracheal intubation
the administration of nutrients by a route other than the GI tract
parenteral nutrition
a stroke that results from bleeding into the brain tissue itself or into the subarachnoid space or ventricles
hemorrhagic stroke
the classification used to descibe individuals with body mass index values >30kg/m
obese
an abnormal neurologic condition in which language function is disordered or absent because of an injury to certain areas of the cerebral cortex
aphasia
the continuous rumbling, snoring, or rattling sounds from obstruction of large airways with secretions
rhonchi
a measure of the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the arterial system
arterial blood pressure
development of arterial branching that occurs within the coronary circulation when occlusion of the coronary arteries occurs slowly over a long period
collateral circulation
a calculated average of systolic and diastolic blood pressures; calculated by adding the diastolic pressure to one third of the pulse pressure
mean arterial pressure
a stroke that occurs when an embolus lodges in and occludes a cerebral artery, resulting in infarction and edema of the are supplied by the involved vessel
embolic stroke
a stroke that results from inadequate blood flow to the brain due to partial or complete occlusion of an artery
ischemic stroke
term used to describe a stroke
brain attack
the death of brain cells that occurs when there is ischemia to a part of the brain or hemorrhage into the brain
stroke
a disturbance in the muscular control of speech resulting from interference in the control and execution over the muscles of speech
dysarthria
a severe infection of the bone, bone marrow, and surrounding soft tissue
osteomyelitis
a highly contagious infection of the lower respiratory tract with a gram negative bacillus, Bordetella pertusis
pertusis
large amounts of virus in the blood, resulting from initial infection with a virus
viremia
the inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
bone loss that is more than normal (a T score between -1 and -2.5), but not yet at the levle for a diagnosis of osteoporosis
osteopenia
a concept of care that provides compassion, concern, and support for the dying person
hospice
partial or complete lack of hair resulting from normal aging, endocrine disorder, drug reaction, anticancer medication, or skin disease
alopecia
a condition in which body tissues do not respond to the action of insulin
insulin resistance
a time period of 2 months after HIV infection during which an infected individual will not test positive for HIV antibody
window period
a sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus type 2, resulting in painful genital or anal vesicular lesions
genital herpes
a focal or diffuse inflammation of the myocardium
myocarditis
infection of the genitalia, the rectum, and/or the oropharynx by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which, if left untreated, leads to the formation of fibrous tissue and adhesions
gonorrhea
an inflammation or infection of the cornea; may be caused by a variety of microorganisms or by other factors
keratitis
the quantity of viral particles in a biologic sample
viral load
an infectious condition of the pelvic cavity that may involve infection of the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and pelvic peritoneum
pelvic inflammatory disease
