Exam 2 Terms Flashcards
A set of guiding principles that all members of a profession accept, helps to settle question about practice
Code of Ethics
The study of conduct and character. Determines what is good for individuals and society at large
Ethics
Personal beliefs about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom or object that set standards that influence behavior
Values
Commitment to include patients in decisions
Autonomy
Taking positive actions to help others
Beneficence
Avoidance of harm or hurt
Nonmaleficence
Being fair
Justice
Agreement to keep promises
Fidelity
The nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems
ANA Code of Ethics
Defines actions as right or wrong
Deontology
Proposes that the value of something is determined by its usefulness
Utilitarianismn
Focuses on the inequality between people
Feminist Ethics
Emphasizes the importance of understanding relationships, especially as they are revealed in personal narratives
Ethics of Care
central to discussions about end-of-life care, cancer therapy, physican-assisted suicide, and DNR
Quality of Life
What are the risks and benefits to individuals and to society of learning about the presence of a disease that has not yet caused symptoms, or for which a cure is not yet available?
Genetic Screening
Interventions unlikely to produce benefit for the patient
Care at the end of Life
A patients ability to afford and use the healthcare system
Access to care
An act of discovery in which “collective wisdom” guides a group to the best possible decision
Consensus building
The anguish experienced when a person feels unable to act according to closely held core values
Moral distress
Legal guidelines for defining nursing practice and identifying the minimum acceptable nursing care, set by every state
Standards of Care
A broad civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with physical or mental disabilities
Americans with Disabilities Act
When a patient comes to the emergency department or the hospital, an appropriate medical screening occurs within the capacity of the hospital, the hospital is not to discharge or transfer the patient until the condition stabilizes
Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
Forbids health plans from placing lifetime or annual limits on mental health coverage that are less generous than those placed on medical or surgical benefits
Mental Health Parity Act
Organ donors need to make a gift in writing with their signature
Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
Written documents that direct treatment in accordance with a patient’s wishes in the event of a terminal illness or condition, allows patient to declare which medical procedures he or she do or does not want
Living will
Includes living wills, health care proxies, and durable powers of attorney for health care; based on informed consent and patient autonomy over end-of-life decisions
Advance Directives
Rules that create patient rights to consent to the use and disclosure of their protected health information, to inspect one’s own medical record, and to amend mistaken or incomplete information
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
These laws limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident
Good Samaritan Laws
Reporting laws for communicable diseases and school immunizations and those intended to promote health and reduce health risks in communities
Public Health Laws
Irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions
Cardiopulmonary standard of determination of death
Irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain including brainstem
Whole brain standard of determination of death
Health care providers can use one of two ways to determine death
Uniform Determination of Death Act
A competent individual with a terminal disease could make an oral and written request for medication to end his or her life in a humane and dignified manner
Physician-Assisted Suicide
An incurable and irreversible disease that has been medically confirmed and will, within reasonable medical judgement, produce death within 6 months
Terminal disease
A civil wrong made against a person or property
Tort
Willful acts that violate another’s rights such as assault, battery, and false imprisonment
Intentional tort
Negligence or malpractice
unintentional tort
Any action that places a person in apprehension of a harmful or offensive contact without consent (no actual contact is necessary)
Assault
Any intentional touching without consent, can be either harmful or offensive to the patient’s personal dignity
Battery
Unjustified restrain of a person without legal warrant
False imprisonment
Acts in which intent is lacking but volitional action and direct causation occur
Quasi-intentional Tort
The release of a patient’s medical information to an unauthorized person (such as the press or an employer, or even family)
Invasion of privacy
Publication of false statements that result in damage to a person’s reputation
Defamation of character
When one speaks falsely about another
Slander
Written defamation of character
Libel
Conduct that falls below a standard of care
Negligence
Professional negligence, when care falls below a standard of care
Malpractice
A system of ensuring appropriate nursing care that attempts to identify potential hazards and eliminate them before harm occurs
Risk Management
Serves as a database for further investigation, alerts risk management to a potential claim situation
Occurrence reporting
One-to-one interaction
between two people
Intrapersonal
Communication that occurs within an individual
Interpersonal
Interaction with an audience
Transpersonal
Interaction within a person’s spiritual domain
Small Group
Interactions with a small number of people
Public
One who encodes and one who decodes the message
Referent
The setting for sender-receiver interactions
Sender and receiver
Message the receiver returns
Message
Motivates one to communicate with another
Channels
Means of conveying and receiving messages
Feedback
Factors that influence communication
Interpersonal variable
Content of the message
Environment
The verbal and nonverbal symbolism
used by others to convey a meaning
Symbolic Communication
A broad term that refers to all factors that
influence communication
Metacommunication
anything written or printed relating to the client
Documentation
The quality control and justification for
reimbursement from Medicare, Medicaid, or private insurance
Documentation
Oral, written, audiotaped exchange of information between
caregivers
Reports
A professional caregiver providing formal advice to another caregiver
Consultations
Arrangement for services by another care provider
Referrals
A continuous process characterized by open-mindedness, continual inquiry, and perseverance, combined with a willingness to look at each unique patient situation and determine which identified assumptions are true and relevant
Critical Thinking
Recognizing that an issue exists, analyzing information, evaluating information, and making conclusions
Critical Thinking
A commitment to think clearly, precisely, and accurately and to act on what you know about a situation
Critical thinking
An attempt to continually improve how to apply yourself when faced with problems in client care
Critical Thinking
An active, organized, cognitive process used to carefully examine one’s thinking and the thinking of others. The art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with a view to improving it. Self-directed, self-disciplined, self-motivated, and self-corrective thinking
Critical Thinking
Be orderly in data collection. Look for patterns to categorize data. (Nursing Diagnosis) Clarify any data you are uncertain about
Interpretation
Be open-minded as you look at information about a patient. Do not make careless assumptions. Do the data reveal what you believe is true or are there other options?
Analysis
Look at the meaning and significance of findings. Are there relationships between findings? Do the data about the patient help you see that a problem exists?
Inference
Look at all situations objectively. Use criteria (e.g. expected outcomes, pain characteristics, learning objectives) to determine results of nursing actions. Reflect on your own behavior.
Evaluation
Support your findings and conclusions. Use knowledge and experience to choose strategies to use in the care of patients.
Explanation
Reflect on your experiences. Identify the ways you can improve your own performance. What will make you believe that you have been successful?
Self-regulation
Seek the true meaning of a situation. Be courageous, hones, and objective about asking questions.
Truth seeking
Be tolerant of different views, be sensitive to the possibility of your own prejudices; respect the right of others to have different opinions.
Open-mindedness
Analyze potentially problematic situations; anticipate possible results or consequences; value reason; use evidence-based knowledge
Analyticity
Be organized, focused; work hard in any inquiry
Systematicity
Trust in your own reasoning processes
Self-confidence
Be eager to acquire knowledge and learn explanations even when applications of the knowledge are not immediately clear. Value learning for learning’s sake.
Inquisitiveness
Multiple solutions are acceptable. Reflect on your own judgements; have cognitive maturity
Maturity
Guidelines for rational thought. Clear, precise, specific, accurate, relevant, plausible, consistent, logical, deep, broad, complete, significant, adequate, fair
Intellectual standards
Confidence, independence, fairness, responsibility & accountability, risk taking, discipline, perseverance, creativity, curiosity, integrity, humility
Attitudes for critical thinking
Ethical criteria for nursing judgements, evidence-based criteria used for evaluation, and criteria for professional responsibility.
Professional standards
A visual representation of client problems and interventions that illustrates an interrelationship
Concept mapping
A judgement that includes critical and reflective thinking and action and application of scientific and practical logic
Clinical decision making
A way to solve problems using reasoning. Systematic, ordered approach to gathering data and solving problems bused by health care professionals. Looks for the truth or verifies that a set of facts agrees with reality.
Scientific method
Involves evaluating the solution over time to make sure that it is effective. Necessary to try different options if a problem recurs.
Problem Solving
A product of critical thinking that focuses on problem resolution. Following a set of criteria helps to make a thorough and thoughtful decision.
Decision making
Analytical process for determining a patient’s health problems.
Diagnositc reasoning
Requires careful reasoning (i.e. choosing the options for the best patient outcomes on the basis of the patient’s condition and the priority of the problem)
Clinical decision making
A five-step clinical decision-making approach: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Purpose is to diagnose and treat human responses to actual or potential health problems.
Nursing process
Judgment that includes critical and reflective thinking
and action and application of scientific and practical logic.
Clinical decision making
Provides the exact description of medication’s
composition
Chemical drug name
Name assigned to the drug by the manufacturer, and it is then listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia
Generic
Brand or proprietary name. This is the name under which a manufacturer markets the medication
Trade name
The effect of the medication on a body system, the symptoms the medication relieves, or its desired effect.
Classification
Passage of medication molecules into the blood from
the site of administration
Absorption
Occurs within the body to tissues, organs, and specific
sites of action, dependent on properties of medication and physiology of person.
Distribution
Medications transformed into a less potent or an
inactive form. Biotransformation occurs under the influence of enzymes that detoxify, break down, and remove active chemicals
Metabolism
Medication exit the body through the kidneys, liver bowel, lungs and exocrine glands
Excretion
Expected or predicted physiological response
Therapeutic effect
Unavoidable secondary effect
Side effect
Unintended, undesirable, often unpredictable
Adverse effect
Accumulation of medication in the bloodstream
Toxic effect
Over-reaction or under-reaction or different reaction from normal
Idiosyncratic reaction
Unpredictable response to a medication
Allergic reaction
Occur when one medication modifies the action of
another
Medication interaction
When the combined effect of two medications is greater than the effect of the medications given separately
Synergistic effect
Time it takes for a medication to produce a response
Onset
Time at which a medication reaches its highest effective
concentration
Peak
Minimum blood serum concentration before next scheduled dose
Trough
Time medication takes to produce greatest result
Duration
Point at which blood serum concentration is reached and maintained
Plateau
Time for serum medication concentration to be halved
Biological half-life
Most commonly used medication route
Oral
Slower onset of action and more prolonged effect than parenteral medications
Oral route
Readily absorbed after being placed under the tongue to dissolve, should not be swallowed
Sublingual
Placing the solid medication in the mouth against the mucous membranes of the check until it dissolves
Buccal route
Involves injecting medication into body tissues
Parenteral administration
Injection into the dermis just under the epidermis
Intradermal (ID)
Injection into tissues just below the dermis of the skin
Subcutaneous (Sub-Q)
Injection into a muscle
Intramuscular (IM)
Injection into a vein
Intravenous (IV)
Medication administered in the epidural space via a catheter, placed by a nurse anesthetist or an anesthesiologist
Epidural
Medication administered through a catheter placed in the subarachnoid space or one of the ventricles of the brain
Intrathecal
Infusion of medication directly into the bone marrow
Intaosseous
Medications administered into the peritoneal cavity
Intraperitoneal
A syringe and needle or a chest tube is used to administer meds directly into the pleural space
Intrapleural
Medications administered directly into the arteries
Intraarterial
Spreading medication over an area, applying moist dressings, soaking body parts in a solution, or giving medicated baths. Generally has a local effect
Transdermal
Medication delivery involves inserting a medication similar to a contact lens into the patient’s eye
Intraocular
Administered until the dosage is changed or another
medication is prescribed
Standing or routine order
Given when the patient requires it
prn
Given one time only for a specific reason
single or one-time
Given immediately in an emergency
STAT
When a medication is needed right away, but not STAT
Now
Medication to be taken outside of the hospital
Prescription
Inaccurate prescribing, administer the wrong medication, giving the medication using the wrong route or time interval, and administering extra doses or failing to administer a medication
Medication error
When a patient takes two or more
medications to treat the same illness, takes two or
more medications from the same chemical class,
uses two or more medications with the same or
similar actions to treat several disorders
simultaneously, or mixes nutritional supplements or
herbal products with medications.
Polypharmacy
Care that fits the person’s life patterns, values, and a set of meanings
Culturally congruent care
Second-culture learning
Acculturation
comparative study of cultures to understand similarities and difference across human groups
transcultural nursing
Individual identifies equally with two or more cultures
biculturalism or multiculturalism
Outsider perspective
Etic worldview
Thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups.
Culture
Socialization into one’s primary culture as a child
Enculturation
Insider or native perspective
Emic worldview
Refers to a shared identity related to social and cultural heritage such as values, language, geographical space, and racial characteristics.
Ethnicity
Tendency to hold one’s own way of life as superior to others
Ethnocentrism
Members of an ethnocultural community are absorbed into another community and lose their unique characteristics (i.e language, customs, & ethnicity)
Assimilation
Ethnic and religious groups with characteristics distinct from the dominant culture.
Subculture
Use their own values and lifestyles as the absolute guide in dealing with patients and interpreting their behaviors
cultural imposition
Attribute illness to natural, impersonal, and biological forces that cause altercation in the equilibrium of the human body
naturalistic practitioner
Believe that an external agent, which can be human or nonhuman, causes health and illness.
personalistic practitioner
Illnesses that are specific to one culture
Culture-bound syndromes
Significant social markers of changes in a person’s life
Rites of passage
Health care providers disregard values or cultural beliefs
cultural pain
an in-depth self-examination of one’s own background, recognizing biases, prejudice, and assumptions about other people
Cultural Awareness
Obtaining sufficient comparative knowledge of diverse groups, including their indigenous values, health beliefs, care practices, worldview, and bi-cultural ecology
Cultural Knowledge
Being able to assess social, cultural, and biophysical factors influencing treatment and care of patients
Cultural Skills
The motivation and commitment to caring that moves an individual to learn from others, accept the role as learner, be open and accepting of cultural differences, and build on cultural similarities.
Cultural desire
Large quantities of medication are kept on the nursing unit
Stock supply system
Each patient is supplied with the medication needed for a period of time
Individual supply system
The pharmacist simplified medication preparation by packaging and labeling each dosage for a 24-hour period
Unit-dose system
Control the dispensing of all medication, including narcotics, system accessed by entering a security code
Automated Medication Dispensing Systems (AMDSs)
a glass flask that contains a single dose of medication for parenteral administration.
Ampule
a glass bottle with a self-sealing stopper through which medication is removed, several doses can be removed from the same container
vials
a single dose of medication inserted into a reusable holder
pre-filled cartridges
Two (or more) clear moral principles apply, but they support mutually inconsistent course of action
Ethical dilemma
A process of discovery allowing a person to discover what choices to make when alternatives are presented and to identify whether these choices are rationally made or the result of previous conditioning
Values clarification
A personal belief about worth that acts as a standard to guide one’s behavior
value
Personal or communal standards of right and wrong
Morals
Ethical problem in which the person knows the right thing to do, but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right actions
Ethical distress
A commitment to developing one’s ability to act ethically
Ethical agency
A systematic inquiry into the principles of right and wrong conduct, of virtue and vice, and of good and evil, as the relate to conduct
Ethics
The protection and support of another’s rights
Advocacy
The nurse records the database obtained from the nursing history and physical assessment
Initial nursing assessment
The nurse documents a patient’s diagnosis of AIDS, expected outcomes, and specific nursing interventions
Plan of nursing care
The nurse documents the case management plan for a patient population with a designated diagnosis, which includes expected outcomes, interventions to be performed, and the sequence and timing of these interventions
Critical/collaborative pathways
The nurse uses this form to record a patient’s pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, body temperature, weight, and bowel movements
Graphic records
Powder or gel form of an active drug enclosed in a gelatinous container
Capsule
Medication mixed with alcohol, oil, or soap, which is rubbed on the skin
Liniment
Finely divided, undissolved particles in a liquid medium; should be shaken before use
Suspension
Medication in a clear liquid containing water, alcohol, sweeteners, and flavoring
Elixir
An easily melted medication preparation in a firm base, such as gelatin, that is inserted into the body
Suppository
Drug particles in a solution for topical use
Lotion
Mixture of a powdered drug with a cohesive material; may be round or oval
Pill
A drug dissolved in another substance
Solution
Single drug or mixture of finely ground drugs
Powder
Medication combined with water and sugar solution
Syrup
Tablet or pill that prevents stomach irritation
Enteric coated
5-15 degree needle insertion
Itradermal
45 to 90 degree needle insertion
subcutaneous
90 degree needle insertion
Intramuscular
Major markers for this IM injection are: Iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, greater trochanter
Ventrogluteal
Major markers for this IM injection are: posterior superior iliac spin, greater trochanter of femur (not recommended)
Dorsogluteal muscle
Major markers for this IM injection are: greater trochangter, lateral femoral condyle, anterolateral thigh
Vastus Lateralis
Major markers for this IM injection are: acromion process, deltoid muscle, brachial artery
Deltoid muscle
