Exam 2 Stydy Guide Flashcards
7 year old characteristics
Physical development Slows way down Only gins 5 lb a year Muscle coordination should be all there Eyes best there will ever be
Mental development Life becomes centered around school Problem solving Speech,reading, writing skills developed Memory becomes more complex Right or wrong judgement calls developed Emotional development Pleasing parents, teachers
Social development Girls play with girls, boys play with boys Girls worried about impressing boys Boys don't care about girls Boys 2 years behind girls Group orientated
Children in this age group need parental approval, reassurance, peer acceptance
Anorexia Nervosa
eating disorder defined by a refusal to maintain minimal body weight within 15 percent of an individual’s normal weight. Other essential features of this disorder include an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, denial of the seriousness of the illness, and amenorrhea (absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles when they are otherwise expected to occur).
Arthritis
Painful inflammation and stiffness of joints
Behavior of older adults
Mental development: Mental ability increases Increasing education Acquired and understanding for live and developed coping mechanisms Able to do critical thinking
Emotional development: Extremely satisfied Job security Financial security Good health No children in home Not satisfied No job security No financial security Health issues
Bulimia
An emotional disorder in which bouts of extreme overeating are followed by depression and self-induced vomiting, purging, or fasting.
Alzheimer’s
form of dementia in which there is a gradual decline in intellectual capacities that leads to changes in personalities and in abilility to perform activities of daily living
Cataracts
clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its lens capsule, varying in degree from slight to complete opacity and obstructing the passage of light
Causes of Alzheimer’s
Genetic mutation
Strokes
25% just because they are old
Causes of cognitive impairment
Depression: can’t think straight when you are depressed
Anxiety: stress
Suspiciousness, delusions, paranoia: mostly mental disabled
Schizophrenia: lots of different levels, associated with multiple personalities
Mental Retardation: genetic disorder
Dementia: change in the brain tissue
Closed head injuries: physical damage to your skull, destroys brain tissue
Trauma to the brain: aneurisms, epilepsy
Causes of suicide among teens
Depression- feeling of worthlessness Grief over a loss or love affair Failure in school Inability to meet expectations Influence of suicidal friends or parents Lack of self-esteem
Causes of temporary confusion/disorientation
Depression: can’t think straight when you are depressed
Anxiety: stress
Changes in CV system
Heart muscle ages, normal aging
Doesn’t get to rest over night
Some degree of congestive heart failure, can’t lay flat
Vascular degeneration:
Vessel lose elasticity, can’t restrict or dilate
Plaque being built up in arteries
Hypertension
Blood isn’t pumped up to the heart quickly
More likely to throw an emboli (floating clot)
Characteristic of nonverbal communication
Appearance - how are you dressed, personal hygiene Posture and gait - the way you walk Facial expression Hand gestures Touch and space
Characteristic of verbal communication
Connotative - words that take on more than one meeting
Denotative - words that mean one thing
Vocabulary - use appropriate word choices
Pacing - how fast or slow you talk
Intonation - pitch and how you carry your voice
Clarity and brevity - how clear you are
Timing and relevance
Communication barriers
Interrupt the flow of communication from sender to the reciever
Communication feedback
response of a receiver to sender’s message
Compensation
when you decide to substitute one goal for another
Confidential care
Confidential care is provided each patient
Define growth and development
implies a change in the organization of character from simple to complex, from a small group of behaviors that you build on to a large group of behaviors, you go from a fixed response to a large variations of response
Definition of abuse
will fill infliction of injury, unreasonable, confinement, intimidation or punishment with resulting physical harm, pain, or deprivation by an individual that is necessary to maintain physical, mental, psychosocial well-being
Definition of communication
an on going dynamic series of events in which meaning is generated and transmitted
Definition of emotional development
Feelings
Developmental characteristics of adolescence
Physical development: Occurs in spurts Girls done growing at this stage Boys can still grow Takes a lot longer to development new motor skills Puberty Development of sex organs Secretes sex hormones Secondary sex characteristics start to develop Changes in voice Body hair Girls get hips and breast
Mental development
Increase cognitive skills
Learn to make decisions and live with consequences
Huge condflict between grow up and act like adult. But still kids
Emotional development
Inadequate feelings about yourself
Worry bout appearance
Respond more to peer groups than adults
Social development Getting ready to move away at the end Seek security with other groups More self confident More mature how you approach problems
Development characteristics of early adulthood
Physical development
Total complete
Prime child bearing years
Mental development
Looking at college choices/career choices
Trying to decide if you are going independent
Determine lifestyle
Establish values
Establish type of relationships your going to be in
Emotional development
Pretty stable
Satisfaction with achievements
Social development
Move away from peer groups
Establish relationship pattern
More open for different careers for other sexes
Developmental characteristics of early childhood
Physical development
Much slower than infancy
Not weigh more than 45 lb
Lots of development in muscular/skeleton systems
No coordination for fine motor movement
Mental development Verbal growth move rapidly 1500-2000 words No reasoning abilities 2 years: Short attention spans 4 years: Ask a lot of questions 6 year: old start school
Emotional development
1&2 years: self orientated , very enthusiastic, temper tantrums(frustration)
2-4: stay on a schedule
4 years: aware of other kids, know right from wrong, wants independence
Social development
Go from very me orientated to social at 6
Developmental characteristics of infancy
Physical development
Failure to thrive - triple their weight
Reflexes present
Moro reflex - startle reflex
Rooting reflex - rub their cheek and open their mouths and turn that way
Sucking reflex - triggered by something lightly touching their lips
Grasp reflex - just like it sounds
Muscle coordination
No control
3-4: ability to roll over
6-8: able to sit up
8 months and a year: locomotion
Vision
Only see black and white
1 year: close vision
Mental development Respond to discomfort Start to respond to environment Speech is starting 1 year of age: understand normal vocabulary
Social development
It’s all about me
Emotional development
Anger starts at 4 months
6-7 month: fear of separation
Developmental characteristics of late adulthood
Physical development Wrinkles Gray hair May get shorter Not a huge change if they stay active
Developmental characteristics of late childhood
Physical development Slows way down Only gins 5 lb a year Muscle coordination should be all there Eyes best there will ever be
Mental development
Life becomes centered around school
Problem solving
Speech,reading, writing skills developed
Memory becomes more complex
Right or wrong judgement calls developed
Emotional development
Pleasing parents, teachers
10-12: sexual identity
Social development Girls play with girls, boys play with boys Girls worried about impressing boys Boys don't care about girls Boys 2 years behind girls Group orientated
Developmental characteristic of middle adulthood
Physical development Gray hair Wrinkles Sagging skin Weight gain Visual acutey declines
Mental development Mental ability increases Increasing education Acquired and understanding for live and developed coping mechanisms Able to do critical thinking
Emotional development
Extremely satisfied
Job security
Financial security
Good health
No children in home
Not satisfied
No job security
No financial security
Health issues
Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s
A thorough medical history
Mental status testing
A physical and neurological exam
Tests (such as blood tests and brain imaging) to rule out other causes of dementia-like symptoms
Displacement
transferring of feeling from one person to another
DNR
Do not resuscitate
Domestic violence
violence or physical abuse directed toward your spouse or domestic partner; usually violence by men against women
Dysphagia
Condition which swallowing is difficult
Dysuria
Painful or difficult urination
Factors influencing communication
Perceptions, values, emotions, sociocultural, knowledge, roles and relationships, environmental settings
Factors interfering with communication
Giving opinions Offering false reassurance Defensive Approval/disapproval Why Changing the subject Communication barriers
Five stages of grief
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Forms of dementia
Alzheimer’s
Glaucoma
A condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight.
Grasp reflex
Just like it sounds
Hoarding
taking the stuff and keeping them and hiding them
Hospice (function/purpose)
To make the resident comfortable
Incontinence
Involuntary urination and defecation
Independence vs. dependence
Independence can do it on their own, dependence you can’t
Infant physical development
Failure to thrive - triple their weight Reflexes present Moro reflex - startle reflex Rooting reflex - rub their cheek and open their mouths and turn that way Sucking reflex - triggered by something lightly touching their lips Grasp reflex - just like it sounds Muscle coordination No control 3-4: ability to roll over 6-8: able to sit up 8 months and a year: locomotion Vision Only see black and white 1 year: close vision
Levels of communication
Interpersonal - self talk
Interpersonal - talking to someone
Public - speaking to a group
Living will
A written statement detailing a person’s desires regarding their medical treatment in circumstances in which they are no longer able to…
Loneliness among elderly
Myth: Many elderly individuals socialize by being involved in activities
Loss of adipose tissue in elderly
Inability to maintain body temp Skin losses elasticity Flabby skin and wrinkles Skin gets very thin Ecchyomosis , bruises
Melanin patches
Age spots
Middle adulthood
Age 40-65
Moro reflex
Startle reflex
Need for safety and security
Free from anxiety, fear
Need for security in environment
Need for order and routine
Preference for things that are familiar
Needs of humans
lack of something that is required or desired
Nonverbal behavior
Appearance - how are you dressed, personal hygiene Posture and gait - the way you walk Facial expression Hand gestures Touch and space
Ombudsman
An official appointed to investigate individuals’ complaints against maladministration, esp. that of public authorities.
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone or bone marrow, usually due to infection.
Pacing
just walk up and down all day long
Patient advocate
Stands up for the patients right
Patients right (what are they)
The right to be informed, to make decisions, to association and communication, personal privacy, personal property, freedom from abuse and restraint, to quality care and dignity
Percentage of individuals living in long term care
5%
Pillaging
Looking for stuff
Projection
placing the blame on others, always someone else’s fault not mine
Psychological care of dying
Give them control-not going to change the fact that they are dying, let them set the tone, deal with their fear, let them set their death in their terms
Psychological barrier of communication
Individuals state of mind
Puberty
Development of sex organs
Secretes sex hormones
Secondary sex characteristics start to develop
Rationalization
a reasonable explanation for the behavior, not the real reason
Reality orientation
a program designed to improve cognitive and psychomotor function in persons who are confused or disoriented
Retirement
The period of one’s life after leaving one’s job and ceasing to work.
Right to die
Doctor assisted suicide
Rooting reflex
rub their cheek and open their mouths and turn that way
Self-actualization
Realized their full potential
Sexual needs of elderly
They still have it but it is necessarily sex
Sexuality needs
Sexuality: feeling concerning masculinity and femininity
Reproduce
Feeling you are worth something
Signs of abuse
Bruises (old and new, clustered on one part of body, or on both upper arms)
Burns
Cuts or scars
Marks left by a gag (or some form of restraint)
Imprint injuries (eg., marks shaped like fingers, thumbs, hands, belts or sticks)
Missing teeth
Spotty balding (from pulled hair)
Eye injuries (black eyes or detached retinas)
Broken bones
Sprains
Abrasions or scrapes
Vaginal or rectal pain
Bleeding from the ears, nose or mouth
Frequent urinary tract infections or yeast infections
Painful urination
Abrasions, bleeding, or bruising in the genital area
Incontinence in someone who was previously toilet-trained
Frequent sore throats
Sudden onset of psychosomatic complaints (males most frequently complain of stomach aches while females most frequently report headaches)
Sudden difficulty walking or sitting
Signs of suicide
Preoccupation with death Giving away prized possessions Changes in sleep pattern Sudden and extreme changes in eating Withdrawal for family friends and other social networks Content with being by themselves Changes in school performances Major personality switches Use of drug and alcohol Expectation is failure Recent sucides in community Suicide attempts
Social development of 2 year old
Go from very me orientated to social at 6
Socialization
interactions and relationships with others
Stages of dying
triggered by something lightly touching their lips
Sundowning
as the sun goes down symptoms get worse
Suppression
when you are aware of these unwanted feeling you put in a part of your unconscious brain
Thrombus
Blood clot that is stuck
TIA’s
Mini stroke ( ischemic attack: brief episode in which the brain gets insufficient blood supply)
Time frame when physical changes occur in elderly
65 years and older
Trust vs. mistrust
Trust: Firm belief in the reliability, truth, ability, or strength of someone or something.
Mistrust: lack of trust
Vascular degeneration
Vascular degeneration:
Vessel lose elasticity, can’t restrict or dilate
Plaque being built up in arteries
Hypertension
Blood isn’t pumped up to the heart quickly
More likely to throw an emboli (floating clot)
What are perceptions (communications)?
an active process of becoming aware and understanding ones environment that is unique to the individual and is strongly influence by communication.
What are the basic needs?
food, water, oxygen, elimination of waste, sleep, protection of temperature
What is mental development?
Mind development
What is safety needs?
Free from anxiety, fear
Need for security in environment
Need for order and routine
Preference for things that are familiar
Withdrawal
When you are without something
