Exam 2 Study Questions Flashcards
1
Q
What is objective culture?
A
The artifacts and institutions created by a group of people (art, architecture, literature, dance, holidays, collective history).
2
Q
What is subjective culture?
A
Patterns of difference (values, beliefs) and behavior learned from one’s group that guide individual and group activity.
3
Q
What is diversity?
A
The mix of differences that may make a difference.
4
Q
What is inclusion?
A
The mix feeling valued and engaged.
5
Q
What does denial mean?
A
Missing difference.
6
Q
What does polarization mean?
A
Judging difference.
7
Q
What does minimization mean?
A
De-emphasizing difference.
8
Q
What does acceptance mean?
A
Deeply comprehending difference.
9
Q
What does adaptation mean?
A
Bridging across difference.
10
Q
What are the four intercultural competencies?
A
- Increasing cultural and personal self-awareness through reflecting on our own experiences
- Increasing awareness of others within their own cultural and personal contexts
- Learning to manage emotions and thoughts in the face of ambiguity, change, and challenging circumstances/people
- Learning to shift frames, attune emotions and adapt behavior to other cultural contexts
11
Q
What are the ways in which we see cultural difference?
A
- Nonverbal communication
- Communication style
- Conflict style preference
- Learning style preference
- Cultural value dimensions
- Cognitive style
12
Q
What does the Thomas-Kilma Conflict model demonstrate?
A
Responses to conflict based on continua of assertiveness and cooperativeness.
13
Q
Describe the five Thomas-Kilman Conflict Modes.
A
- Collaborating: highly assertive and highly cooperative
- Accommodating: unassertive and highly cooperative
- Compromising: medially assertive and cooperative
- Competing: highly assertive and uncooperative
- Avoiding: unassertive and uncooperative
14
Q
What is the “turn-taking” communication style like?
A
Detached, fast-paced, listen for period
15
Q
What is the “pausing” communication style like?
A
Reflective, slower paced, need complete information before considering a reply
16
Q
What is the “overlapping” communication style like?
A
Attached, faster paced, does not wait for the period
17
Q
What are some complications of elevated weight?
A
- Diabetes
- Dyslipidemia
- Hypertension
- Osteoarthritis
- Cardiovascular disease
- Respiratory problems
- Some cancers (endometrial, prostate, and colon)
18
Q
What are some complications of high blood pressure?
A
- Increased cardiovascular risk
- Disability
- Death
19
Q
What is a normal newborn pulse?
A
70-170 BPM
20
Q
What is a normal pulse for children 1-6 years?
A
75-160 BPM
21
Q
What is a normal pulse for children 6-12 years?
A
80-120 BPM
22
Q
What is a normal adult pulse?
A
60-100 BPM
23
Q
What is a normal elderly pulse?
A
60-100 BPM
24
Q
What is the normal pulse for a conditioned athlete?
A
50-100 BPM
25
What is a normal respiratory rate for newborn-6 month old babies?
30-60 RPM
26
What is a normal respiratory rate for 6-12 month old babies?
24-30 RPM
27
What is a normal respiratory rate for children 1-5 years old?
20-30 RPM
28
What is a normal respiratory rate for children 6 years old-adult?
12-20 RPM
29
What is a normal respiratory rate for the elderly?
12-20 RPM
30
What is a normal blood pressure?
\<120 and \<80
31
What is an elevated blood pressure?
120-129 and \<80
32
What is the blood pressure for Stage 1 hypertension?
130-139 or 80-89
33
What is the blood pressure for Stage 2 hypertension?
≥ 140 or ≥ 90
34
What is Korotkoff Sound I?
Faint and clear tapping (systolic)
35
What is Korotkoff Sound II?
Swooshing
36
What is Korotkoff Sound III?
More intense, crisp tapping
37
What is Korotkoff Sound IV?
Muffled
38
What is Korotkoff Sound V?
Sound stops (diastolic)
39
What are the three most common types of primary headaches?
Cluster, migraine, and tension headaches
40
What are the characteristics of a tension headache?
* Band-like
* Bilateral
* Dull
* Gradual
* 30 minutes - 7 days
* Sensitivity to light and sound
41
What are the characteristics of a migraine headache?
* Temple
* Unilateral
* Throbbing/pulsating pain
* Sudden with occasional warning signs
* 2 - 72 hours
* Nausea/vomiting
* Sensitivity to light, sound, and movement
42
What are the characteristics of a cluster headache?
* Around/behind eyes
* Unilateral
* Constant, sharp/severe pain
* Sudden
* 15 minutes - 3 hours, may last up to 2 weeks - 3 months
* Tearing/red eyes
* Runny nose
* Flushing
43
What is a migraine aura?
Neurologic symptoms prior to an attack; visual symptoms (flashing light or blind spot), tingling/numbing of extremities, dysphasia/aphasia, weakness, or hemiparesis
44
What are the three main types of conjunctivitis?
Viral, bacterial, and allergic conjunctivitis
45
What causes viral conjunctivitis?
Sore throat/cold (Adenovirus)
46
What are the symptoms of viral conjunctivitis?
* Pink/red eye
* Watery discharge
* Blurred vision
* Low-grade fever
47
What is the duration of viral conjunctivitis?
1 - 3 weeks
48
What is the cause of bacterial conjunctivitis?
*S. aureus, S. epidermis, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae*
49
What are the symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis?
* Pink/red eyes
* Purulent discharge (green/yellow)
* Eye discomfort/pressure
* Crusted eyelids
* Eyelid edema
* Blurred vision
50
What is the duration of bacterial conjunctivitis?
2 weeks
51
What is the cause of allergic conjunctivitis?
Allergen exposure
52
What are the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis?
* Pink/red eyes
* Clear watery discharge (may be stringy and white)
* Burning/itching
* Eye discomfort
* Eyelid edema
* Usually affects both eyes
53
What four medications cause conjunctivitis?
* Amiodarone
* Isotretinoin
* Bisphosphonates
* COX-2 inhibitors
54
What causes glaucoma?
* Reduced blood flow
* Retinal ischemia
* Increased intraocular pressure
* Heredity (primary)
* Disease/trauma/drugs (secondary)
55
What are the symptoms of open angle glaucoma?
Don't occur unless there is severe damage
56
What are the symptoms of closed angle glaucoma?
* Blurred vision
* Halos with light
* Ocular pain
* Headache
* Nausea/vomiting
57
What causes blepharitis?
Bacteria from hands, cosmetics, or contact lenses
58
What are the symptoms of blepharitis?
Lump on/near the edge of the eyelid (painful, swollen, pus-filled)
59
What causes dry eyes?
Inadequate lubrication from tears
60
What are the symptoms of dry eyes?
* Redness
* Burning/stinging
* Blurry vision
61
How do you administer eye drops?
1. Wash hands
2. Remove cap without touching the dropper lid
3. Lie down or tilt head back, pull down eyelid with your index finger and hold dropper over eye
4. Look up (away from tip) and place drop in pocket
5. Hold eyelid to allow solution to spread
6. Gently close eyes and apply light pressure to nasolacrimal opening for 15-30 seconds
7. Wash hands
62
What are the causes of otitis media?
* Bacterial
* Viral
* Allergies
* Irritants (i.e. cigarette smoke)
63
What are the symptoms of acute otitis media?
* Pain
* Fever
* Discharge
* Redness
* Pulling at ears
* Irritability
* Crying
64
What are the symptoms of otitis media with effusion?
* Rhinitis
* Cough
* Diarrhea
65
What causes otitis externa?
* Prolonged exposure to moisture
* Injury
* Bacterial/fungal growth
66
What are the symptoms of otitis externa?
* Pain
* Ear discharge
* Hearing loss
* Itching
* Swelling
* Redness
* Burning/stinging
* Fever
67
What are the symptoms of cerumen impaction?
* Earache
* Fullness in ear
* Tinnitus
* Partial hearing loss
* Itching
68
What are the symptoms of ototoxicity?
* Tinnitis
* Hearing loss
* Dizziness
69
What 5 medications cause ototoxicity?
* Quinine
* Salicylates (aspirin)
* Aminoglycosides
* Platinum antineoplastic agents
* Loop diuretics
70
What causes sinusitis?
Bacterial or viral
71
What causes allergic rhinitis?
Allergen exposureNext
72
What are the symptoms of viral sinusitis?
* Headache
* Congestion
* Low fever
* Nasal discharge
* Halitosis
73
What are the symptoms of bacterial sinusitis?
* Worsening congestion
* Facial pain
* Thick yellow-green nasal discharge
* Toothache
* Fever
* Halitosis
74
How do you administer a nasal spray?
1. Wash hands
2. Blow nose gently
3. Tilt head forward
4. Breathe out slowly
5. Insert tip into one nostil and point tip away from septum
6. Squeeze while breathing in slowly
7. Repeat in other nostril
8. Wash hands
75
What causes cold sores?
HSV-1
76
What are the symptoms of cold sores?
* Red, painful blisters
* Oozing/yellow crusting of blister
* Tingling/itching
77
What causes canker sores?
* Stress
* Food allergies
* Hormonal changes
* Malnutrition
78
What are the symptoms of canker sores?
* Sore with red edge and white center
* Painful
79
What causes gingivitis?
Bacteria leading to plaque accumulation
80
What are the symptoms of gingivitis?
* Red/tender/swollen/bleeding/receding gums
* Bad breath
81
What causes candidiasis?
Candida albicans
82
What are the symptoms of candidiasis?
* Creamy white lesion
* Cottage cheese
* Bleeding lesions when scraped
* Cotton mouth
* Loss of taste
83
What are the risk factors for candidiasis?
* Weak immune system
* Dentures
* Infants
* Steroids
* Smoking
* Dry mouth
84
What are the symptoms of viral pharyngitis?
* Cough
* Scratchy throat
* Fever
85
What are the symptoms of bacterial pharyngitis (strep throat)?
* Pain worsened by swallowing/talking
* Scratchy throat
* Dry throat
* Swollen or red glands/tonsils
* White patches on tonsils
* Fever
86
How do you treat a tension headache?
* Stress management
* Caffeine
87
How do you treat a migraine headache?
* Botulism toxin
* Triptans
88
How do you treat a cluster headache?
Oxygen
89
How do you treat viral conjunctivitis?
* Only symptomatically:
* Lubricants
* Ocular decongestants (Naphcon-A)
90
How do you treat bacterial conjunctivitis?
Antibiotics
91
How do you treat allergic conjunctivitis?
* Topical antihistamines
* Mast cell stabilizers
* Anti-inflammatory agents
92
How do you treat dry eyes?
* Lubricants
* Avoid prolonged viewing of electronic screens
* Humidifiers
93
How do you treat open angle glaucoma?
* Nonselective beta blockers
* Prostaglandin analogs
* Alpha-2 agonists (brimonidine)
* Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
94
How do you treat closed angle glaucoma?
* Pilocarpine
* Hyperosmotic agents
* Secretory inhibitors
95
How do you treat blepharitis?
* Warm compress
* Lubricants
96
How do you treat otitis media?
* Analgesics
* Antipyretics
* Local heat
97
How do you treat otitis externa?
* Antibiotics
* Glucocorticoids
* Acidifying solutions (aluminum acetate)
* Warm water/saline
98
How do you treat cerumen impaction?
* Carbamide peroxide (Debrox)
* Baby oil
* Glycerin (Neotic)
* Ear candling
99
How do you treat water-clogged ears?
* Isopropyl alcohol (Swim-EAR)
* Ear plugs
* Low heat
100
How do you treat sinusitis?
Oral or topical decongestants (Sudafed or Afrin)
101
How do you treat allergic rhinitis?
* Oral or topical antihistamines (cetirizine and azelastine)
* Oral or topical decongestants (Sudafed and Afrin)
* Intranasal corticosteroids (fluticasone)
102
How do you treat cold sores?
Topical antivirals
103
How do you treat canker sores?
Local anesthetics (benzocaine)
104
How do you treat pharyngitis?
* OTC analgesics
* Throat lozenges (benzocaine)
* Throat spray (phenol)
* Cough suppressants (dextromethorphan)
105
What causes tinea infections?
Fungi (*trichophyton, microsporum, epidermophyton*)
106
What are the symptoms of tinea capitis?
* Itching
* Alopecia
* Scaling
* Mild erythema
107
What are the symptoms of tinea unguium?
Superficial white/cracked/brittle/thickened nails
108
What are the symptoms of tinea corporus?
Red, round lesion
109
What are the symptoms of tinea cruris?
Itching, red lesion in groin
110
How do you treat tinea capitis?
Don't; refer
111
How do you treat tinea unguium?
Avoid nail trauma, refer
112
How do you treat tinea pedis?
Aluminum acetate, topical antifungal x 4 weeks
113
How do you treat tinea corporus?
Topical antifungal x 4 weeks
114
How do you treat tinea cruris?
Topical antifungal x 2 weeks
115
What are the symptoms of candida?
* Red rash with well-defined borders
* White plaques
* Cheesy discharge
116
What are the symptoms of impetigo?
* Vesicles/pustules that burst
* Honey-colored crust
117
What are the symptoms of cellulitis?
Expanding red, swollen, tender rash without a clear border
118
How do you treat vulvovaginal candidiasis?
Topical antifungal for 3 - 14 days
119
How do you treat impetigo?
Self-resolves in 3-4 weeks, treatment requires referral
120
How do you treat cellulitis?
Refer
121
What are the symptoms of acne vulgaris?
Inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions on fac enad
122
What are the symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis?
Rash limited to the area exposed to the allergen
123
What are the symptoms of irritant contact dermatitis?
* Dry/cracked/inflamed skin
* Itching
* Pain
* Limited to exposed area
124
How do you treat acne vulgaris?
* Avoid skin irritants
* Use cleanser
* Benzoyl peroxide 2.5-10%
* Salicylic acid 0.5-2%
* Sulfure 3-10%
125
How do you treat allergic contact dermatitis?
* Remove offending agent
* Hydrocortisone cream
* Aluminum acetate compress
126
How do you treat irritant contact dermatitis?
* Emollients
* Colloidal oatmeal bath
127
How do you treat sunburn?
* Cold water rinse
* Avoid exposure
* Aloe vera
128
What does basal cell look like?
Slow-growing and primarily on nose
129
How do you treat basal cell?
Excision, radiation, or topical therapies
130
How do you treat squamous cell?
Excision (highly curable)
131
What does squamous cell look like?
Medium-growth
132
What does melanoma look like?
Malignant
133
How do you treat melanoma?
Excision, chemotherapy
