exam 2 study prep

Question 1

What is the main function of the Cardiovascular system discussed in class?

Answer 1

Transport and exchange of gases + nutrients + waste

Question 2

The valve that separates the Atrium from the ventricle are _____.

Answer 2

Atrioventricular valves

Question 3

What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circuits

Answer 3

Systemic circuit: Carry oxygenated blood away from heart

• Circulate blood from heart to rest of body

Pulmonary circuit: carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

• Circulate blood from heart to lungs

Question 4

List each blood vessel layer from most internal to external. Also list what layer is made of.

Answer 4

Tunica intima - endothelial cells and connective tissue (collagen)

Tunica Media - smooth muscle and elastic tissue

Tunica Externa - Elastic tissue and loose CT

Question 5

List the working tissue the Aorta brings blood to

Answer 5

Cerebral

Coronary

Kidneys

Splanchnic Region

Skeletal muscles

Skin

Question 6

How do arteries and veins appear histologically

Answer 6

Arteries: big circular vessels

Veins: Uneven vessels like look like a worm :)

Question 7

What is the Mean Arterial Pressure Equation

Answer 7

DBP + (SBP-DBP)/3

Question 8

What is the resistance equation? How does this relate to flow? How does capacitance relate to flow?

Answer 8

R = 8ny/Pir^4

As resistance increases –> flow decreases

Capacitance: stiff walls –> decrease flow

Question 9

How does Sympathetic Innervation, Catecholamines, and Local Control affect vasodilation and vasoconstriction?

Answer 9

Sympathetic Innervation:

• Muscle tone of vessels –> Vasodialate with increase SNS input

Limb Arteries also vasodialate with increase SNS input

Other arteries (eg. digestive tract): Vasoconstrict

Catecholamines: Increase with increases SNS input –> vasoconstriction

Local Control: When BP rises it vasocontricts; vice versa when BP is low

Question 10

Explain how the following vessels relate to: (Hint: these are the graphs)

Vessel diameter

Cross-Sectional area

Blood Pressure

Velocity

Answer 10

Vessel diameter: Biggest to smallest

Arteries: Aorta –> Elastic arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries

Veins: Venae Cavae –> Veins –> Venules –> Capillaries

Cross sectional area: Capillaries have the biggest cross sectional area. Think of it as the inverse of vessel diameter.

Arteries: Capillaries –> Arterioles –> Elastic Arteries –> Aorta

Veins: Capillaries –> venules –> veins –> Vanae Cavae

Blood Pressure: Highest to lowest

Aorta –> elastic arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules, veins, venae cavae

Velocity: Highest to lowest

Arteries: Aorta –> Elastic arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries

Veins: Venae Cavae –> Veins –> Venules –> Capillaries

Question 11

What is the CO of someone who has a SV of 50 mL/beat and a Heart Rate of 70 BPM?

Answer 11

50 x 70 = 3500 mL/min / 1000 mL

3.5 L/min

Question 12

What are the positive and negative chronotropic and inotropic factors?

Answer 12

+ Chronotropic: Increase SNS input; increase Catecholamines

• Chronotropic: Decrease SNS input; Increased PNS

+ Inotropic: Increased contractility; increased SNS input to the myocardium

• Inotropic: Decrease contractility; decreased SNS input to the myocardium

Question 13

What are the factors that increase venous return?

Answer 13

Skeletal muscle pumps

Respiratory pumps

Increase in total lung volume

Increase in venoconstriction

Decrease in TPR

Increase Cardiac Output

Question 14

What are the steps of the conduction system?

Answer 14

1. SA node receives input from SNS
2. Signal travels to AV node where is delays the signal to slow conduction speed
3. Signal travels to the AV bundle where it cannot pass excitation
4. Signal then travels to AV bundle branches
5. Signal finally travels to Purkinje fibers where is spreads signal to ventricles

Question 15

What are the steps of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 15

A. Atrial kick/systole

B. Isovolumetric contraction

C. Fast Ventricular Ejection

D. Slow Ventricular Ejection

E. Isovolumetric relaxation

F. Fast Ventricular Filling

G. Slow Ventricular filling (diastasis)

Question 16

Fast neural mechanism has a time frame of ____ while slow hormonal mechanisms have a time frame of ____.

Answer 16

Seconds; hours to days

Question 17

When CO = VR this is called a ____

Answer 17

Steady state point

Question 18

Explain the Cardiac function curve

Answer 18

Right arterial pressure is proportional to EDV.

RAP increases due to more sarcomeres stretching

When RAP increase, this causes cardiac output to increase.

When RAP decreases, this cause Venous return to increase.

Venous return is increased by central venous pressure.

Question 19

Explain the fast neural mechanisms when blood pressure is low

Answer 19

The Baroreceptors on the carotid artery sense a low stretch –> sends input to vasomotor center –> vasomotor center increases SNS input –> SNS input is sent to the SA node and the myocardium –> this increases contractility –> increases Heart rate and blood pressure

Question 20

Explain the slow hormonal mechanism when blood pressure is low

Answer 20

The Kidneys sense a decreases of blood pressure –> Angiotensinogen (located in the liver) is converted to Angiotensin 1 due to an increase release of Renin from the Kidneys –> Angiotensin 1 is converted to Angiotensin 2 by ACE 2 (located on the lungs) –> Angiotensin 2 increases Aldosterone, Na Exchange, Thirst, and Vasoconstriction which increases BP.

Question 21

The two routes of simple squamous epithelium is _____ and _____

Answer 21

Transcellular and Paracellular

Question 22

For capillary exchange, the hydrostatic pressure located in the _______ is greater than the hydrostatic pressure in the _______.

Answer 22

Arteries; veins

Question 23

What is the Starling equation

Answer 23

Jv = [(Pc-Pi) - (Pic -Pi(i))]

Question 24

List the steps of hemostasis

Answer 24

1. Collagen Exposed
2. Vascular spasm occurs
3. Formation of the platelet plug
4. Stable fibrin clot is formed

Question 25

In the starling equation, filtration is favored when the number is ______. Reabsorption is favored when the number is _____. Can these values change?

Answer 25

Positive; negative

Yes these values can change due to different concentrations and pressure changes. Many diseases can cause filtration to be favored rather than reabsorption and vice versa.