Exam 2 Study Masters Flashcards
What was the form of social, economic, and political organization in the premodern world?
feudalism
What philosophy attempts to observe directly the laws by which things in the world work?
positivism
in what kind of society do individuals base their decisions on thought and reason?
modern
when people in a society no longer believe in supernatural beings, there is what?
secularism
sociologists generally describe the world before the 16th century as what?
premodern
what modern economy is now based on industry?
capitalism
the premodern world had a kind of society Tonnies described as what?
Gemeinschaft
Tonnies saw that the contract represents the characteristics of what kind of society?
Gesellschaft
what kind of society developed in northwestern Europe between the 16th and 19th centuries?
modern
The following quote describes a kind of society Tonnies called what?
“everybody is by himself and isolated, and there exists a condition of tension against all others…”
Gesellschaft
T/F
Thought and knowledge in premodern society were based more on theology
true
T/F
the population of modern society is more concentrated in urban centers
true
T/F
relationships in Gesellschaft are more often short-term
true
T/F
August Comte is often called the “father of sociology”
true
T/F
feudal society was industrial
False.
feudal society was agricultural
What are 7 major changes which came with the modern world?
CDIRSSU
- capitalism
- democracy
- industry
- reason
- secularism
- science
- urbanization
according to Marx, the bourgeoisie and proletariat make up what part of capitalist society?
relations of production
What did Marx call the class with ownership and control of the means of production?
bourgeoisie
Marx called the raw materials, land, tools, machines, and buildings of society what?
means of production
Marx’s philosophy about how history is made by class struggles is called what?
historical materialism
When labor power is applied to materials, what is set in motion in society?
forces of production
what assumes that changes in thought will change the course of history?
idealism
what do Marxists call the part of society containing social institutions?
superstructure
Who wrote “The Communist Manifesto” with Karl Marx?
Frederick Engels
What did Marx call a society’s economic system?
mode of production
the quote below represents what social philosophy? “the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force…
materialism
T/F
the proletariat survives by selling surplus goods in a market
FALSE
the proletariat survives by selling its labor power to the bourgeoisie for wage
T/F
the proletariat owns only its own labor power
true
T/F
Marx was a materialist
true
T/F
Marx assumed there will be conflict between classes in the relations of production
true
T/F
according to Marx, things in the superstructure are shaped by the mode of production
true
Who will establish socialism?
proletariat
How do all the parts in Marx’s model of society work?
the state in socialism will be a what?
Dictatorship of the Proletariat
When will there be a dictatorship of the proletariat?
socialism
Marx and Engels predicted that the final stage of society will be what?
communism
in what will there be ownership of the means of production by all of society’s members?
communism
Marx and Engels predicted that between Socialism and Communism, there will be a what?
withering away of state
at an early phase of its history, the proletariat will destroy machines rather than confront the bourgeoisie because it is in a condition of what?
false consciousness
when the proletariat begins to act as a body in its own interests against the bourgeoisie, what does it have?
class consciousness
in the quote below from “The Communist Manifesto,” the proletariat is what Marxists call a what?
“At this stage, the laborers still form an incoherent mass scattered over the whole country, and broken up by their mutual competition”
class-in-itself
Marx and Engels describe in the quote below a development which is now called what?
“the need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connexions everywhere. . . . In one word, it creates a world after its own image.”
globalization
T/F
in a communist society, people will not be allowed personal possessions
true
T/F
Marx and Engels noted that modern governments support the interest of the proletariat
FALSE
Marx and Engels noted that modern governments support the interest of the bourgeoisie
T/F
Marx assumed that humans are by nature selfish
true
T/F
Marx insisted that a strong central government will be necessary in communism
true
T/F
Marx and Engels recognized that there are more social classes in capitalism
FALSE
What did Marx predict will be the stages of history after the proletariat is created? (7)
- class-in-itself
- false consciousness
- class consciousness
- class-for-itself
- socialism
- withering away of state
- communism
What did Weber call his method of understanding meanings in society?
Versetehen
What did Weber call the drive to make more money than one needs as an end-in-itself?
Spirit of Capitalism
the doctrine that God has decided everyone’s eternal fate before they were born is what?
predestination
Who started the Protestant Reformation?
Martin Luther
What was the principle of economic activity which people followed in the premodern world?
traditionalism
to deny oneself life’s pleasures is what?
asceticism
Who dignified ordinary jobs with religious significance in his teaching about the “calling”?
Martin Luther
When Weber understood how Calvinists experienced teachings about predestination, he was using what method?
Verstehen
In Weber’s description of modern materialism, he feared that this would become what?
an iron cage
T/F
Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is an example of idealism
true
T/F
Protestantism and modern capitalism both began in the 16th century
true
T/F
Weber explained society by observing only people’s external behavior
true
T/F
capitalism still needs the support of religion which Weber described
FALSE
T/F
Weber concluded that it was not possible that material factors could have affected Protestantism
FALSE
How did religion support early capitalism according to Weber?
Started with the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther said everyone has a calling. John Calvin talked about predestination. God’s chose people would be successful on Earth. Asceticism said that you would live a humble life on Earth, despite being successful. As people were working hard to show God their worth, and since they couldn’t spend their money or worldly possessions, they reinvested money into their businesses or other new businesses.
Nonhuman technology is a way McDonaldized systems exert what over employees and customers?
control
what did Weber call the loss of meaning, mystery, magic, spontaneity, and surprise from the modern world?
disenchantment
when a McDonald’s customer cleans off his table and throws away his trash, Ritzer sees him acting as a what?
prosumer
when a person tries to reach a goal and has only the guidance of general values, his action is described by Weber as what?
substantive rationality
what form of technology controls its user?
nonhuman technology
McDonald’s is an example of what kind of rationality?
formal rationality
what aspect of McDonaldization replaces quality with quantity?
calculability
who saw rationalization as the grand trend of the modern world?
Max Weber
Weber saw what as the main form of organization in the modern world?
bureaucracy
what is the trend of the modern world whereby all of social life is narrowly focused toward reaching specific goals by detailed procedures?
rationalization
T/F
bureaucracy embodies formal rationality
true
T/F
people are free to choose goals and means under formal rationality
FALSE
T/F
rules, regulations, and procedures are forms of nonhuman technology
FALSE
T/F
bureaucracy is the main form of modern organization because it is flexible in accommodating unique cases
FALSE
bureaucracy is the main form of modern organization because it is NOT flexible in accommodating unique cases
what are the four characteristics of McDonaldization?
- efficiency - optimum method for getting from point A to point B
- calculability - quantity = quality
- predictability - assurance that product will be the same throughout time
- control - “do what management wants them to do”
egoism is a problem when what is low?
integration
high regulation will cause what kind of suicide?
fatalistic suicide
the morphological aspects of society are what kind of social facts?
material social facts
what form of suicide did Durkheim describe as a duty in some situations?
altruistic suicide
what did Durkheim suppose to function in society to regulate human appetites?
morality
the range from high to low along which a society may be controlled is what?
regulation
Durkheim defined sociology as the study of what?
social facts
society is itself what kind of social fact?
material social fact
in the quote below, what was Durkheim defining?
“the great movements of enthusiasm, indignation, and pity in a crowd. . . . They come to each one of us from without and can carry us away in spite of ourselves.”
social currents
what, according to Durkheim, is made up of people’s beliefs and feelings, takes on a life of its own, and works through each of a society’s individual members?
collective conscience
T/F
Durkheim found that fatalistic suicide is the most common type in the modern world
FALSE
T/F
Durkheim observed social facts within the consciousness of the individual
FALSE
T/F
Durkheim said social facts are explained by psychological facts
FALSE
social facts are external to the individual
T/F
Anomie results from rapid social change
true
T/F
Durkheim was French
true
Why did Durkheim choose suicide as his topic for sociological explanation?
Durkheim was examining things that were observable, and suicide was happening a lot. Sense of disenchantment leading to suicide.
cultural reflection theories explain the relationship between a cultural object and what?
social world
Lowenthal concluded that in the 1940’s the U.S. economy had shifted toward what?
consumption values
what form of solidarity did Durkheim see in the exchanges between groups?
organic solidarity
Weber described culture as a what?
switchman
What classical theorist addressed the problem of social solidarity?
Durkheim
Which classical theorist believed that an idea could change the social world?
Weber
Durkheim described solidarity resulting from the resemblance between people in a simple society as what?
mechanical solidarity
Leo Lowenthal saw in the magazine stories about businessmen, inventors, and discoverers from the early 20th century a reflection of what?
production economy
What is described in the following quote?
“Indeed what [they] . . . express is the way in which the group thinks of itself in its relationships with the objects which affect it. . . . The symbols in which it thinks of itself alter according to what it is.”
collective representatives
the version of the cultural reflection theory below follows which classical theorist?
social world I I I I \/ cultural object
Marx
T/F
Leo Lowenthal was a member of the Frankfurt School
true
T/F
mechanical solidarity results when a society’s differentiated parts work together
FALSE
organic solidarity results when a society’s differentiated parts work together
T/F
The solidarity of modern societies would be mechanical solidarity
FALSE
the solidarity of modern societies would be organic solidarity
T/F
societies with organic solidarity will have a division of labor
true
T/F
a collective representation is a social fact
true
