Exam 2 Study Guide quiz questions Flashcards
Q7: When individuals have rank-order personality consistency, they maintain the ways in which they ________ other people the same age.
a. are different from
b. spend time with
c. are the same as
d. are liked by
are different from
Q7: In one study, researchers found that personality trait scores from the same people measured 10 years apart correlated between r = .60 and r = .90. This is evidence for
a. mean level change
b. adaptability
c. personality accuracy
d. personality stability
personality stability
As a child, Brett always had a lot of energy at his parent’s social gatherings. As an adult, he makes a point to talk to everyone attending a party. This is an example of
a. personal-environment transactions
b. cumulative continuity
c. heterotypic continuity
d. temperament
heterotypic continuity
____ generally refers to the traits that help a person to fulfill socially important adult roles such as being a spouse, parent, or worker.
a. generativity
b. maturity
c. responsibility
d. consistency
maturity
consistency of an individual differences in personality typically____
increases
personality development is the
mean level of change of a trait over time
Joaquim is 65 years old. Relative to his personality as a 20 year old, John is likely_______ in openness to experience
increased
According to a classic study, individuals who grew up during the Great Depression had different attitudes regarding work and financial security than those who did not grow up during this time. These findings provide evidence for
cohort effects
As the author of one’s autobiography, one forms a(n)…
narrative identity
Paul used to abuse alcohol and at his lowest point, his father helped him become sober. Now Paul and his father are closer than they ever have been. Paul’s story is an example of a(n) ________ story.
redemptive
According to one survey, what trait did the greatest number of people report wanting to change?
a. neuroticism
b. extraversion
c. agreeableness
d. openess
neuroticism
According to a study investigating personality change among young Germans, those who completed community service increased in ________ at a higher rate than those who entered into the military.
a. emotional stability
b. conscientiousness
c. extraversion
d. agreeableness
agreeableness
Longitudinal studies survey ________, whereas cross-sectional studies survey ________.
a. older participants; younger participants
b. younger participants; older participants
c. people at different ages; same people over time
d. same people over time; people at different ages
same people over time; people at different ages
Q 9: field of study that attempts to explain how individual differences in behavior (i.e., personality traits) are shared by biological relatives is called
a. heritability science
b. behavioral genetics
c. evolutionary biology
d. behavioral Darwinism
behavioral genetics
Behavioral genetics, like trait psychology, focuses on aspects of personality that ________, whereas evolutionary psychology more typically focuses on aspects of personality that ________.
a. vary among groups of individuals; vary among individuals
b. are species specific; are individual specific
c. differ from one individual to another; all humans share
d. all humans share; differ from one individual to another
differ from one individual to another; all humans share
Which of the following explanations is a correct statement regarding the shared genetic material between a mother and her child?
a. A mother shares 50 percent of the genetic material that varies across individuals.
b. A mother only shares 25 percent of her genetic material with her child.
c. A mother shares 50 percent of her genetic material with her child.
d. The shared genetic material between mother and child is higher for monozygotic twins relative to dizygotic twins.
a. A mother shares 50 percent of the genetic material that varies across individuals.
The ________ refers to the underlying genetic structure that leads to the observable ________.
a. phenotype; genotype
b. phenotype; genogram
c. genotype; phenotype
d. genetic map; genetic architecture
c. genotype; phenotype
In which sample would you expect the heritability of IQ to be the lowest?
a. high socioeconomic status twins
b. low socioeconomic status twins
c. none of the above; the heritability will be the same in all three groups
d. middle socioeconomic status twins
b. low socioeconomic status twins
Which of the following types of studies is the MOST recently developed method for understanding the roles of genes in determining our behavior?
a. molecular genetics studies
b. adoption studies
c. genome-wide association studies
d. twin studies
c. genome-wide association studies
Darwin’s book The Origin of Species is one of the basic foundations for which area of psychology?
a. personality psychology
b. psychoanalysis
c. evolutionary psychology
d. behavioral genetics
c. evolutionary psychology
According to the text, we can be 100 percent certain that all of our ancestors have done which of the following?
a. lived to old age
b. received adequate education
c. had children
d. had successful careers
c. had children
Which of the following accurately describes evolutionary mismatch?
a. Evolutionary mismatch is the idea that self-sacrificing behaviors can still be evolutionarily advantageous if they help the survival of others that share your genes.
b. Evolutionary mismatch is the idea that certain traits that have evolved in the past may not be useful or may even be detrimental to survival today.
c. Evolutionary mismatch is the idea that negative emotions or feelings may actually be helpful because they act as a motivator to avoid bad outcomes in the future.
d. Evolutionary mismatch states that individual differences in traits and behaviors are a required mechanism for evolution to occur.
b. Evolutionary mismatch is the idea that certain traits that have evolved in the past may not be useful or may even be detrimental to survival today.
The idea that feelings of self-esteem evolved to gauge social acceptance is known as the ________ theory.
a. social self
b. social self-acceptance
c. sociometer
d. self-esteem as survival
c. sociometer
What might be the evolutionary function of crying, according to recent research described in the text?
a. an index of social acceptance
b. a way of preventing wasteful energy expenditures on lost causes
c. an aversive motivator of behavioral change toward more adaptive pursuits
d. a way to elicit social support
d. a way to elicit social support
If Sally believes that anything natural is morally acceptable, she is committing a(n) ________ fallacy.
a. justificationist
b. reductionistic
c. naturalistic
d. evolutionary
c. naturalistic
The point of view that scientists will eventually be able to explain everything about the mind via biology is called
a. psychophysical structuralism.
b. biological reductionism.
c. the naturalistic fallacy.
d. evolutionary theorizing.
biological reductionism.
Q12: ________ psychology is based on the premise that to understand a person, you must understand his or her unique view of reality.
a. Cultural
b. Humanistic
c. Existential
d. Psychoanalytic
b. Humanistic
All of the following elements make up humanistic psychology EXCEPT
a. will.
b. value.
c. spiritual.
d. holistic.
c. spiritual.
________ is a term for the time, place, and circumstances into which you happened to be born.
a. Angst
b. Thrown-ness
c. Eigenwelt
d. Existential location
b. Thrown-ness
The highest need proposed by Maslow was self-
a. transcendence.
b. actualization.
c. determination.
d. esteem.
b. actualization.
According to Carl Rogers, you can become a ________ only if you experience ________ from important others in your life.
a. fully functioning adult; unconditioned stimulation
b. fully functioning person; unconditional positive regard
c. authentic person; unconditional love
d. fully functioning person; positive reinforcement
b. fully functioning person; unconditional positive regard
From an optimistic humanism perspective, what is true of all human beings?
a. They are aware of their surroundings.
b. They come from the earth and will return to it when they die.
c. They begin as blank slates.
d. They are basically good.
d. They are basically good.
All of the following make up Maslow’s hierarchy of needs EXCEPT
a. extraversion and openness.
b. status and esteem.
c. safety and security.
d. self-actualization.
a. extraversion and openness.
Jacqueline is visiting the Notre Dame cathedral in Paris. Upon entering the cathedral for the first time, she is overcome by its vastness and her own feelings of humility. What is Jacqueline currently experiencing?
a. awe
b. nirvana
c. flow
d. mindfulness
awe
Jennifer is so immersed in a video game that she doesn’t realize how late it has gotten or that her mother has been calling her to dinner. What is Jennifer currently experiencing?
a. flow
b. nirvana
c. mindfulness
d. awe
flow
Flow most likely arises when one’s activity entails a balanced ratio of ________ to ________.
a. approach; avoidance
b. effort; reward
c. skills; challenges
d. stress; eustress
c. skills; challenges
According to self-determination theory, which of the following should be limited?
a. autonomy
b. hedonic pleasure
c. eudaimonic pleasure
d. competence
b. hedonic pleasure
Positive psychology seeks to study human ________ rather than ________.
a. strengths; faults
b. potential; behavior
c. nature; social constructions
d. behavior; thoughts or cognitions
a. strengths; faults
According to the text, which of the following contributes to your happiness the MOST?
a. your genes
b. making a lot of money
c. gratitude interventions
d. getting married
your genes
Q13: What term associated with Japanese culture refers to indulgence and dependence that may exist between a parent and child?
a. amae
b. anicca
c. anatta
d. amie
a. amae
________ occurs when a child picks up the cultural influences of the place where he or she grows up.
a. Enculturation
b. Accommodation
c. Assimilation
d. Acculturation
a. Enculturation
According to the textbook, what behavior led to a Danish mother’s arrest in New York?
a. spanking her child in public
b. breastfeeding in public
c. giving marijuana to her 16-year-old son
d. leaving her 14-month-old daughter asleep in a stroller
d. leaving her 14-month-old daughter asleep in a stroller
According to Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, and Schwartz (1996), the American South has a culture that involves elaborate displays of mutual respect. This idea is called the
a. customs of obligation.
b. ritualistic respect.
c. culture of honor.
d. culture of obligation.
c. culture of honor.
It has been suggested that the only way psychologists can address the generalizability issue is to
a. repeat their studies in carefully controlled laboratory settings.
b. conduct research using participants from around the world.
c. limit their focus to one homogeneous sample at a time.
d. subtract the effects of culture from their research findings.
b. conduct research using participants from around the world.
Components of ideas that are particular to a specific culture are called ________, and components that are universal across cultures are called ________.
a. cultures; values
b. etics; emics
c. individualisms; collectivisms
d. emics; etics
d. emics; etics
David McClelland would argue that a culture that emphasizes children’s stories, such as “The Little Engine That Could,” has a high need for
a. appraisal.
b. affiliation.
c. achievement.
d. affluence.
c. achievement.
According to the text, what two factors are hypothesized to influence whether a culture is high in tightness?
a. ethnic homogeneity and population density
b. population density and economic conditions
c. population density and the dominant religion
d. ethnic homogeneity and economic conditions
a. ethnic homogeneity and population density
According to Triandis, cultures that tolerate very little deviation from cultural norms are high in
a. collectivism.
b. tightness.
c. strictness.
d. agency.
b. tightness.
________ cultures tend to emphasize the needs of the group.
a. Complex
b. Tight
c. Tough
d. Collectivist
d. Collectivist
Although individuals from a(n) ________ culture may become discouraged after negative feedback, individuals from a(n) ________ culture tend to be more encouraged to do better next time.
a. tight; loose
b. loose; tight
c. individualistic; collectivistic
d. collectivistic; individualistic
c. individualistic; collectivistic
According to the text, which of the following is considered to have a collectivist-vertical society?
a. United States
b. China
c. Israel
d. Japan
b. China
What condition or conditions seem to facilitate the development of honor cultures?
a. low population density
b. weak central governments and a lack of police
c. collectivist values
d. central governments and well-established judicial systems
b. weak central governments and a lack of police
