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BIO 211 > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Nasopharynx

A

the upper part of the throat (pharynx) that lies behind the nose. It’s a box-like chamber about 1½ inches on each edge. It lies just above the soft part of the roof of the mouth (soft palate) and just in back of the nasal passages

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2
Q

Oropharynx

A

the part of the pharynx that lies between the soft palate and the hyoid bone.

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3
Q

True Vocal Cords

A

the vocal folds, or true vocal cords, are formed from the inferior layer of infolded membrane

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4
Q

False Vocal Cords

A

The vestibular folds, or false vocal cords, are formed by the superior layer of infolded membrane

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5
Q

Which lung is larger in size?

A

Right lung

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6
Q

Bifurcation of the Trachea

A

Carina

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7
Q

First Bifurcation after Carina

A

Primary Bronchus

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8
Q

Second Bifurcation after Carina

A

Secondary Bronchus

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9
Q

Third Bifurcation after Carina

A

Tertiary Bronchus

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10
Q

The tertiary bronchus is also known as…

A

Segmental Bronchus

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11
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Boyle’s law states that at constant temperature the volume of a given mass of a dry gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Most gases behave like ideal gases at moderate pressures and temperatures

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12
Q

Intrathoracic Pressure prior to respiration

A

760 mm Hg

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13
Q

Intrathoracic Pressure during inspiration

A

758 mm Hg

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14
Q

Intrathoracic Pressure during expiration

A

762 mm Hg

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15
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

A

It moves downwards and flattens.

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16
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when it relaxes?

A

It is drawn upwards and takes the form of a cone.

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17
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle. It measures around 500 mL in an average healthy adult male and approximately 400 mL in a healthy female.

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18
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The amount of extra air inhaled — above tidal volume — during a forceful breath in. When you exercise, you have a reserve volume to tap into as your tidal volume increases. The average inspiratory reserve volume is about 3000 mL in males and 2100 mL in females.

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19
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

Your expiratory reserve volume is the amount of extra air — above anormal breath — exhaled during a forceful breath out. The average ERV volume is about 1100 mL in males and 800 mL in females.

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20
Q

Vital Capacity

A

the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath

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21
Q

Type 1 Alveolar Cells

A

Type I alveolar cells are squamous extremely thin cells involved in the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and blood.

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22
Q

Type 2 Alveolar Cells

A

Type II alveolar cells are involved in the secretion of surfactant proteins.

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23
Q

Three Methods of Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

Hemoglobin, Blood Plasma, and Carbonic Acid

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24
Q

Main Method of Carbon Dioxide Transport

A

Carbonic Acid

25
Q

Parts of the brain that control respirations

A

Pons and Medulla Oblongata

26
Q

What is the primary respiratory control center?

A

Medulla Oblongata

27
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Internal respiration is the process of diffusing oxygen from the blood, into the interstitial fluid and into the cells.

28
Q

External Respiration

A

External respiration refers to the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, gills, or other tissues exposed to the external environment.

29
Q

CO2 + Hemoglobin

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

30
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Dalton’s law states that in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases.

31
Q

Where does CO2 always come from?

A

Cellular Respiration

32
Q

What happens when carbonic acid dissociates?

A

It releases hydrogen ions that attach to hemoglobin.

33
Q

Carbonic Acid

A

H2CO3

34
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

Paranasal sinuses are a group of four paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinuses are located under the eyes; the frontal sinuses are above the eyes; the ethmoidal sinuses are between the eyes and the sphenoidal sinuses are behind the eyes.

35
Q

The deeper that you progress down the bronchial tree, you’ll notice changes to epithelium. What changes occur?

A

Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with goblet cells become simple squamous epithelium to help with diffusion.

36
Q

The deeper that you progress down the bronchial tree, you’ll notice changes to cartilage. What changes occur?

A

Hyaline cartilage begins to become replaced with smooth muscle.

37
Q

Lymph Fluid

A

Consists of blood plasma without the proteins

38
Q

Colloid Pressure

A

Colloid osmotic pressure (COP), the osmotic pressure exerted by large molecules, serves to hold water within the vascular space. It is normally created by plasma proteins, namely albumin, that do not diffuse readily across the capillary membrane

39
Q

Lymph Flow

A

Lymphatic Capillary —> Afferent Lymphatic Vessel —> Lymphatic Nodes —> Efferent Lymphatic Vessel —> Trunks —> Lymphatic Ducts —> Left and Right Subclavian Veins

40
Q

Three Functions of Lymphatic System

A

Fighting infection, alleviate swelling or edema, and assist with the absorption of fat from the small intestine

41
Q

Cone of lymphatic tissue found in the villi of the small intestine

A

Lacteal

42
Q

Two Large Lymphatic Ducts

A

Thoracic Duct and Right Lymphatic Duct

43
Q

The Thoracic Duct Drains Approximately How Much Lymph?

A

3/4s.

44
Q

Thymus

A

The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, thymus cell lymphocytes or T cells mature.

45
Q

Spleen

A

The spleen plays important roles in regard to red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the immune system.[2] It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood, which can be valuable in case of hemorrhagic shock, and also recycles iron. As a part of the mononuclear phagocyte system, it metabolizes hemoglobin removed from senescent red blood cells (erythrocytes). The globin portion of hemoglobin is degraded to its constitutive amino acids, and the heme portion is metabolized to bilirubin, which is removed in the liver.

46
Q

Innate Immune System

A

The major functions of the vertebrate innate immune system include:

Recruiting immune cells to sites of infection through the production of chemical factors, including specialized chemical mediators called cytokines

Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells, and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead cells

Identification and removal of foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and lymph, by specialized white blood cells

Activation of the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation

Acting as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents; via physical measures like skin or tree bark and chemical measures like clotting factors in blood or sap from a tree, which are released following a contusion or other injury that breaks through the first-line physical barrier (not to be confused with a second-line physical or chemical barrier, such as the blood-brain barrier, which protects the extremely vital and highly sensitive nervous system from pathogens that have already gained access to the host’s body).

47
Q

Adaptive Immunity System

A

The adaptive immune system, also referred as the acquired immune system, is a subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminates pathogens by preventing their growth.

48
Q

Helper T-Cells

A

The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system. As their name suggests, they “help” the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines, small protein mediators that alter the behavior of target cells that express receptors for those cytokines.

49
Q

Cytotoxic T-Cells

A

A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or killer T cell) is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways

50
Q

CD8 Cells

A

Cytotoxic T-Cells

51
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Natural killer cells (also known as NK cells, K cells, and killer cells) are a type of lymphocyte (a white blood cell) and a component of innate immune system. NK cells play a major role in the host-rejection of both tumours and virally infected cells.

52
Q

Memory T-Cells

A

Memory T cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that might have some of the same functions as memory B cells. Their lineage is unclear.

53
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Any of a class of proteins present in the serum and cells of the immune system, which function as antibodies.

54
Q

IgA

A

IgA exists in serum in both monomeric and dimeric forms, comprising approximately 15% of the total serum Ig. Secretory IgA, a dimer, provides the primary defense mechanism against some local infections because of its abundance in mucosal secretions (e.g., saliva and tears). The principal function of secretory IgA may be not to destroy antigens but to prevent passage of foreign substances into the circulatory system.

55
Q

IgE

A

IgE and IgD are found in serum in much smaller quantities than other Igs. IgE primarily defends against parasitic invasion and is responsible for allergic reactions. Total Serum Immunoglobulin percentage: 0.002%.

56
Q

IgG

A

IgG, a monomer, is the predominant Ig class present in human serum. Produced as part of the secondary immune response to an antigen, this class of immunoglobulin constitutes approximately 75% of total serum Ig. IgG is the only class of Ig that can cross the placenta in humans, and it is largely responsible for protection of the newborn during the first months of life. Because of its relative abundance and excellent specificity toward antigens, IgG is the principle antibody used in immunological research and clinical diagnostics.

57
Q

IgM

A

Serum IgM exists as a pentamer in mammals and comprises approximately 10% of normal human serum Ig content. It predominates in primary immune responses to most antigens and is the most efficient complement-fixing immunoglobulin. IgM is also expressed on the plasma membrane of B lymphocytes as a monomer. In this form, it is a B cell antigen receptor, with the H chains each containing an additional hydrophobic domain for anchoring in the membrane. Monomers of serum IgM are bound together by disulfide bonds and a joining (J) chain.

58
Q

Secondary Immune Responses in Comparison to Primary Immune Responses are always…

A

Much faster.

BIO 211 (1 decks)

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