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BIO 303 : ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits and the other neither benefits or harmed

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2
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms have a benefit

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3
Q

Exploitation

A

Organisms indirectly compete with other organisms for resources by exploiting resources to limit the resources availability to other organisms

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4
Q

Competition

A

When two organisms are limited to one resource and interact for it

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5
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

A harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a predator of them both

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6
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Two or more noxious animals develop similar appearances as a shared protective device

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7
Q

Succession

A

Process of change in the species of a community over time

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8
Q

Primary succession

A

The series of community changes which occur on an entirely new habitat which has never been colonized before

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9
Q

Secondary succession

A

Series of community changes which take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat

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10
Q

Community

A

Group of populations occupying the same geographical area

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11
Q

Ecosystem

A

A group of communities that habitat a geographical area

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12
Q

Species richness

A

The number of different species represented in an ecological community

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13
Q

Species evenness

A

The abundance of each species

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14
Q

Disturbance

A

Temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem

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15
Q

Alpha diversity

A

Species diversity in a small area of homogenous habitat

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16
Q

Beta diversity

A

Difference in species diversity from one habitat to another

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17
Q

Gamma diversity

A

Species diversity observed across all habitats within a geographic area

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18
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of patterns of species diversity and distributions at global, regional, and local scales

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19
Q

Autotroph

A

Organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances

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20
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Unable to synthesize their own food and rely on other organisms for nutrition

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21
Q

GPP

A

Gross primary production: total amount of carbon fixed in the process of photosynthesis

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22
Q

NPP

A

NPP = GPP - Ra

Ra - rate of energy loss to metabolism and maintenance

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23
Q

NEP

A

NEP = GPP - Rh

Rh - total ecosystem respiration

24
Q

Phenology

A

Study of cyclic and seasonal phenomena, in relation to climate, plant, and animal life

25
Q

Endemic species

A

Species that are found in just one region or area of the world and no where else

26
Q

Metapopulation

A

Group of populations that are separated by space but consist of the same species

27
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

Moderate levels of disturbance can create conditions that have greater species diversity than high or low levels of disturbance

28
Q

Disturbance

A

Fire, floods, storms

29
Q

What does disturbance do?

A

Disrupts communities, changes resources, and can affect abiotic and biotic components of the environment

30
Q

Components of disturbance

A

Occurrence, timing, frequency, duration, extent, and intensity

31
Q

Three hypothesis theories of why diversity is high in the tropics

A

Stability/productivity hypothesis, area hypothesis, museum hypothesis

32
Q

Island biogeography theory

A

Species richness increases with area and decreases with isolation

33
Q

In IBT, how does extinction rate change with island size?

A

Increases with the number of species present; more intense competition and niche overlap

34
Q

In IBT, how does immigration rate change due to distance from the mainland?

A

Farther islands will have slower immigration rates

35
Q

What is a trophic cascade?

A

Powerful indirect actions that control entire ecosystems

36
Q

What is a top-down cascade?

A

Top consumers/predator controls the primary consumer production. Primary producers thrive

37
Q

What is bottom-up cascade?

A

The population of primary producers will always control the increase/decrease of the energy in higher tropic levels

38
Q

Keystone predators importance

A

Predators that feed on species that take up a lot of resources

39
Q

Approximate energy transfer rate between tropic levels?

A

10%

40
Q

How is NPP distributed around the planet?

A

Terrestrial and marine

41
Q

What factors control energy transfer between tropic levels?

A

Keystone predators and trophic levels

42
Q

How has humans impacted the water cycle?

A

Reduced percolation and depletion of water

43
Q

How has humans impacted the nitrogen cycle?

A

Burning fossil fuels, industrial fixation of N2 into fertilizer, depletion of oxygen (eutrophication) in aquatic ecosystems

44
Q

How has humans impacted the carbon cycle?

A

Fossil fuel emissions

45
Q

Top 3 pools of water cycle

A

Glaciers, groundwater, and large lakes or reservoirs

46
Q

Top 3 pools of nitrogen?

A

Atmosphere, aquatic reservoirs, terrestrial reservoirs

47
Q

Top 3 pools of carbon?

A

Deep ocean, fossil, soil

48
Q

How is climate change projected to influence fires?

A

Increase in temperatures, evaporation, drought

49
Q

How is climate change projected to influence hurricanes?

A

Increase in warming ocean temperatures and water into atmosphere

50
Q

Invasive species

A

Species from elsewhere that survive, reproduce, and cause harm

51
Q

Non-native species

A

Species that have been introduced from somewhere else

52
Q

Elements to a high quality preserve design

A

Big patches, patches near each other, buffer zones, connected, compact shape

53
Q

Transfer efficiency

A

How much energy is being transferred from one tropic level to the next

54
Q

What is driving current extinction rates?

A

Loss of habitats

55
Q

What processes affect local community assembly?

A

Abiotic stresses, species interaction, disturbances, regional species and dispersal

BIO 303 : ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION (1 decks)

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