Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
Major Depressive Disorder
specific diagnostic criteria
- depressed mood most of the day
- anhedonia
- weight or appetite change (5+%)
- sleep disturbance
- fatigue
- difficulty concentrating and indecisive
- feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
- recurrent suicidal ideation
- Prevalence is: 7%
- Onset: ave. 25 years old
- Duration: varies
- Gender difference: females 2:1
- Ethnicities: White, Hispanic and Native American-Indian
- Co-occurring: SUD, Anxiety Disorders
- Presenting problem: Cultural diffs
- Bereavement consideration
- psycho motor agitation (slower)
Amish: norms have equal numbers within both genders (no alcohol use = positive effects)
• Mild still manageable
• Moderate: everything in between
• Severe: totally unmanageable
(Asian culture: no energy)
Sad or grief reaction
- Despair, mourning, sadness
- Fatigue or low energy
- Tears
- Loss of appetite
- Poor sleep
- Poor concentration
- Happy and sad memories
- Mild feelings of guilt
Persistent Depressive Disorder
- depressed most of the day on most days
- 2+ symptoms during 2+ year
- never without symptoms for 2+ months
- poor appetite / overeating
- sleep disturbance
- low energy or fatigue
- low self-esteem
- difficulty concentrating or making decisions
- feelings of hopelessness
- Not as severe: no suicidal ideation
- lasts 5-20 years
- affects white and latino the most
Diff from Major depressive disorder
Anhedonia
- lack of pleasure or of the capacity to experience it
* loss of interest
Manic episode
• Persistently elevated mood for 1+ week
3+ symptoms:
• inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
• decreased need for sleep
• talkative, pressured speech
• flight of ideas
• distractibility
• goal-directed activity or restlessness
• excessive involvement in pleasurable/risky activities
• men 1st
Flight of ideas
- During both manic and hypomanic episodes
- rapid flow of thought
- accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic
- symptom of some mental illnesses, especially manic disorder.
Bipolar I Disorder
- alternate between Major Depressive and manic episodes
- impairment
- Prevalence: <1%
- Onset: 18-22 years old
- Lifelong
- No ethnic differences
- Comorbidity: SUD (50%), Anxiety Disorders (75%), ADHDc
- high high-low low
Rapid cycling specifier
- 4+ episodes in 12 months
* Partial or full remission for 2+ months between episodes
Peri-partum specifier
- Onset is within 4 weeks of childbirth
- Different from baby blues
- severe thoughts
Treatment:
• phototherapy
Seasonal onset specifier
- Episodes occur at certain time of year
- Full remissions also occur at certain time of year
- melatonin deficiency
- Rule Out any other dx (heart disease or alcohol)
- Onset: ovaries
Treatment:
• phototherapy
Learned helplessness
Seligman’s theory
condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness/helplessness and giving up control
• arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure
• underlying causes of depression.
• Onset early 20s
Causes:
• thinking patterns and learning
Related • Cognitive errors • Social support • Depressive cognitive triad: view future as bleek and negative. • feeling constant judgment
Facts about suicide
• 10th leading cause of death in U.S.
• 3rd leading cause of death for adolescents
• Desire for publicity about suicide media coverage
• ages 15-24 and 54-84
Native American: culture and land
Men
Suicide among children and adolescents
- 3rd leading cause of death for adolescents
* 15-24
Suicide among the elderly
54-84 and increasing
Number of stressors
Five Stressors
- Life Changes: life events that require some adjustment in behavior or lifestyle
- Chronic Stressors: ongoing, long lasting, unpleasant events
- Hassles: small, everyday problems that accumulate
- Frustration: unpleasant tension resulting from a blocked goal
- Conflict: forced choice between two or more incompatible goals or impulses
Type A personality
- outgoing
- constantly stressed (high cortisol = heart attack)
- driven
- controlling
- demanding
- perfectionist
- self centered
- cynical hostility (immediately negative)
Predictor of: • heart disease • social isolation • road racers/mean/shaming • unapproachable, diff to treat and help
Impact on body and brain when Cortisol levels are excessive
Hypothalamus activates the Sympathetic Nervous System:
• Pituitary gland elevates cortisol
• May damage cells in the hippocampus
(memory impairment)
• May impair immune system (cancerous cells)
• May lead to heart disease (heart attack)
• May decrease testosterone (infertility)
• Stress, anxiety, anger
• Poor coping skills
• Low social support
• Lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise)
• Classic Type-A behavior pattern l Hereditary
Internal locus of control
Belief: one can influence events and outcomes
Depersonalization
feeling detached from one’s mental processes or body; outside observer; feel like one is in a dream
• adult receiving treatment of childhood trauma
• out of body experience
• can lead to death w/o treatment
• panic attacks
