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Psych Mental Disorders > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

specific diagnostic criteria

A
  • depressed mood most of the day
  • anhedonia
  • weight or appetite change (5+%)
  • sleep disturbance
  • fatigue
  • difficulty concentrating and indecisive
  • feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
  • recurrent suicidal ideation
  • Prevalence is: 7%
  • Onset: ave. 25 years old
  • Duration: varies
  • Gender difference: females 2:1
  • Ethnicities: White, Hispanic and Native American-Indian
  • Co-occurring: SUD, Anxiety Disorders
  • Presenting problem: Cultural diffs
  • Bereavement consideration
  • psycho motor agitation (slower)

Amish: norms have equal numbers within both genders (no alcohol use = positive effects)

• Mild still manageable
• Moderate: everything in between
• Severe: totally unmanageable
(Asian culture: no energy)

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2
Q

Sad or grief reaction

A
  • Despair, mourning, sadness
  • Fatigue or low energy
  • Tears
  • Loss of appetite
  • Poor sleep
  • Poor concentration
  • Happy and sad memories
  • Mild feelings of guilt
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3
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A
  • depressed most of the day on most days
  • 2+ symptoms during 2+ year
  • never without symptoms for 2+ months
  • poor appetite / overeating
  • sleep disturbance
  • low energy or fatigue
  • low self-esteem
  • difficulty concentrating or making decisions
  • feelings of hopelessness
  • Not as severe: no suicidal ideation
  • lasts 5-20 years
  • affects white and latino the most

Diff from Major depressive disorder

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4
Q

Anhedonia

A
  • lack of pleasure or of the capacity to experience it

* loss of interest

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5
Q

Manic episode

A

• Persistently elevated mood for 1+ week
3+ symptoms:
• inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
• decreased need for sleep
• talkative, pressured speech
• flight of ideas
• distractibility
• goal-directed activity or restlessness
• excessive involvement in pleasurable/risky activities
• men 1st

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6
Q

Flight of ideas

A
  • During both manic and hypomanic episodes
  • rapid flow of thought
  • accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic
  • symptom of some mental illnesses, especially manic disorder.
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7
Q

Bipolar I Disorder

A
  • alternate between Major Depressive and manic episodes
  • impairment
  • Prevalence: <1%
  • Onset: 18-22 years old
  • Lifelong
  • No ethnic differences
  • Comorbidity: SUD (50%), Anxiety Disorders (75%), ADHDc
  • high high-low low
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8
Q

Rapid cycling specifier

A
  • 4+ episodes in 12 months

* Partial or full remission for 2+ months between episodes

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9
Q

Peri-partum specifier

A
  • Onset is within 4 weeks of childbirth
  • Different from baby blues
  • severe thoughts

Treatment:
• phototherapy

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10
Q

Seasonal onset specifier

A
  • Episodes occur at certain time of year
  • Full remissions also occur at certain time of year
  • melatonin deficiency
  • Rule Out any other dx (heart disease or alcohol)
  • Onset: ovaries

Treatment:
• phototherapy

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11
Q

Learned helplessness

Seligman’s theory

A

condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness/helplessness and giving up control
• arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure
• underlying causes of depression.
• Onset early 20s

Causes:
• thinking patterns and learning

Related
• Cognitive errors
• Social support
• Depressive cognitive triad: view future as bleek and negative. 
• feeling constant judgment
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12
Q

Facts about suicide

A

• 10th leading cause of death in U.S.
• 3rd leading cause of death for adolescents
• Desire for publicity about suicide media coverage
• ages 15-24 and 54-84
Native American: culture and land
Men

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13
Q

Suicide among children and adolescents

A
  • 3rd leading cause of death for adolescents

* 15-24

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14
Q

Suicide among the elderly

A

54-84 and increasing

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15
Q

Number of stressors

A

Five Stressors

  1. Life Changes: life events that require some adjustment in behavior or lifestyle
  2. Chronic Stressors: ongoing, long lasting, unpleasant events
  3. Hassles: small, everyday problems that accumulate
  4. Frustration: unpleasant tension resulting from a blocked goal
  5. Conflict: forced choice between two or more incompatible goals or impulses
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16
Q

Type A personality

A
  • outgoing
  • constantly stressed (high cortisol = heart attack)
  • driven
  • controlling
  • demanding
  • perfectionist
  • self centered
  • cynical hostility (immediately negative)
Predictor of: 
• heart disease 
• social isolation
• road racers/mean/shaming
• unapproachable, diff to treat and help
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17
Q

Impact on body and brain when Cortisol levels are excessive

A

Hypothalamus activates the Sympathetic Nervous System:
• Pituitary gland elevates cortisol
• May damage cells in the hippocampus
(memory impairment)
• May impair immune system (cancerous cells)
• May lead to heart disease (heart attack)
• May decrease testosterone (infertility)
• Stress, anxiety, anger
• Poor coping skills
• Low social support
• Lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise)
• Classic Type-A behavior pattern l Hereditary

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18
Q

Internal locus of control

A

Belief: one can influence events and outcomes

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19
Q

Depersonalization

A

feeling detached from one’s mental processes or body; outside observer; feel like one is in a dream
• adult receiving treatment of childhood trauma
• out of body experience
• can lead to death w/o treatment
• panic attacks

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20
Q

Derealization

A

lose a sense of the reality of the external world
• response to traumatic experience
• disorientation
• not knowing

21
Q

Dissociative fugue

A

sudden and unexpected travel away; unable to recall how they arrived at new location; inability to recall one’s past; confusion about one’s identity or assumption of a new identity

22
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

Daydreaming, disoriented to place and time, on a continuum. Personality, language pattern, preferences, and all other behaviors. Completely different person

Presence of 2+ symptoms:
• loss of control in person’s behavior
• Inability to recall important personal information
• Significant impairment of functioning
• Not due to substances or medical issues
• Rule-out malingering
• childhood trauma

23
Q

alter

A
  • different identities or personalities

* identities display unique behaviors, voice and posture

24
Q

Host

A

The identity that keeps other identities together

25
Switch
quick transition from one personality to another (blink, facial change, voice change)
26
Dissociative Identity Disorder | Treatment
``` Integration Techniques: • Cognitive-Behavioral • Interpersonal Therapy • Identify alters and purpose of each • Internal communication • Foster cooperation • Medication (for comorbidity dx) • Increase stability • Reduce symptoms • Increase safety, decrease S/I and S/A ``` Psychodynamic: • Work through the trauma(s) • Identify triggers
27
Anorexia nervosa (diagnostic criteria, thought patterns, health risks)
* less than normal appetite * Distorted body image * Refusal to maintain weight * Relentless pursuit of thinness * Begins with dieting * Death risk * Comorbidity: MDD, anxiety, Bipolar I
28
Bulimia nervosa (diagnostic criteria, health risks)
Binge • eating excess amounts of food within 2 hour period • Sense of lack of control over eating ``` Purge •self-induced vomiting, diuretics, laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise • Binge and purge weekly for 3+ months • Distorted body image → self-evaluation • Mild: 1-3 times per week • Moderate: 4-7 times per week • Severe: 8-13 times per week • Extreme: 14+ times per week ``` ``` Can cause severe medical problems: • erosion of dental enamel • electrolyte imbalance • amenorrhea • kidney failure • cardiac arrhythmia • seizures • intestinal problems • permanent colon damage • osteoporosis ```
29
Binge Eating Disorder (diagnostic criteria, health risks, treatment)
``` Binge includes 3+: • eating too fast • over-eating • eating when not hungry • eating alone • feeling disgusted after eating • Marked distress about binging • Binge weekly for 3+ months • No purging • Mild: 1-3 times per week • Moderate: 4-7 times per week • Severe: 8-13 times per week • Extreme: 14+ times per week • eating excess amounts within 2 hr period • Sense or lack of control over eating ```
30
Neurotransmitter related to eating disorders
Dopamine Norepinephrine Serotonin
31
Obesity (diagnostic criteria, health risks)
* Not a DSM-5 disorder * 40% of adults in the U.S. are obese * Increasing rapidly Mortality rates: • Teen obesity is at epidemic level Risks: • heart disease, diabetes, stroke, hypertension, sleep apnea, depression Causes: • Lifestyle and technology • Genetics • Impulse control; numbing feelings; history of sexual abuse ``` Treatment: • Self-directed weight loss programs • Commercial self-help programs • Behavior modification programs • Psychotherapy • Bariatric surgery (last resort) ```
32
Treatment for Depression
* Cognitive Therapy * Interpersonal Psychotherapy * Exercise * Mindfulness-Based Therapy * Phototherapy for Seasonal onset only * Medication * ECT: electro convulsive therapy (last resort) * Restricts enzyme that creates a synapse * SSRI side effects: low libido, dry mouth, drowsiness
33
Hypomanic Episode
* Persistently elevated mood for 4+ days * 3+ symptoms: * inflated self-esteem or grandiosity * decreased need for sleep * talkative, pressured speech * flight of ideas * distractibility * goal-directed activity or restlessness * excessive involvement in pleasurable/risky activities * shorter than manic
34
Bipolar II Disorder
* alternate between Major Depressive and Hypomanic episodes * never had a Manic episode * mild impairment of functioning * low low
35
Treatment for Bipolar Disorders
* Education about diagnosis * Cognitive Therapy * Interpersonal (relationships/conflict resolution) * Psychotherapy * Family Therapy * Social Rhythm Therapy (same time every week) * Medication: (lithium, anti-epileptics, & anti-psychotics) * ECT last resort (not used for mania)
36
Lithium medication compliance for Bipolar I disorder
anti-depressants Side effects • tremors • sluggish • increased appetite
37
Suicide: Risk Factors
* Past suicidal behavior * Extremely low Serotonin levels * Pre-existing psychological disorder * Rejected by family when “coming out” * Alcohol use and abuse * Suicide in the family * Shameful / humiliating stressor * Publicity about suicide and media coverage
38
Suicide: Protective Factors
* Clinical care * Family and community support * Coping skills * Cultural and religious beliefs * Resilience * Restricted access to highly lethal means v*** * San Diego Crisis Line
39
Type B personality
* passive * quite * easygoing * relaxed/mellow/lazy * follower * not driven
40
External locus of control
blames outside forces for everything
41
Bulimia Nervosa Treatment
* Medical Evaluation * Antidepressants * Insight Therapy to identify triggers * Cognitive-behavior therapy * Interpersonal psychotherapy * Relapse prevention * Family Therapy
42
Trycyclic
* anti-depressant & norepinephrine | * side effects, people can overdose
43
MAO inhibitors
slows down neurotransmission | “clean up crew”
44
SSRI's
* prozac | * takes whatever it wants “not clean up crew”
45
Dissociative amnesia
classic Hollywood portrayal
46
Causes of Major Depressive Disorder and what to rule out:
* colon * hypothyroid * diabetes * hypertension * alcohol use * substance abuse (SUD) * vitamin deficiency * anemia
47
Persistent Depressive Disorder Treatment
* cognitive behavioral therapy | * optimism
48
Binge Eating Disorder Treatment
* Medical Evaluation * Insight Therapy to identify triggers * Cognitive-behavior therapy * Interpersonal psychotherapy * Relapse prevention

Psych Mental Disorders (1 decks)

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