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BIOL206 > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

The lymphatic system is comprised of:

A

lymphatic vessels, lymphatic organs, lymph

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2
Q

What is the main function of lymphatic vessels?

A

transport

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3
Q

What is the main function of lymphatic organs?

A

body defense

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4
Q

What is lymph?

A

interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

What is resistance?

A

ability to ward off pathogens; avoid illness

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6
Q

What is susceptibility?

A

lack of resistance

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7
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

disease producing microbes

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8
Q

What are the three basic functions that the lymphatic system carries out?

A
  • return excess interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream
  • transport dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) to bloodstream
  • carry out immune responses via production of lymphocytes
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9
Q

Lymph enters lymphatic _______ and then flows through a series of larger vessels.

A

capillaries

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10
Q

The route of travel for lymph is lymphatic capillaries; _______; _______; _______.

A
  • lymphatic collecting vessels
  • lymphatic trunks
  • lymphatic ducts
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11
Q

What are some characteristics of lymphatic capillaries?

A

close ended vessels; lack basement membrane; endothelial cells overlap; found everywhere except avascular

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12
Q

Why is it important that lymphatic capillaries lack a basement membrane?

A

Lymph capillaries are far more permeable than blood capillaries - thus nothing in the interstitial fluid is excluded from lymph capillaries

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13
Q

Why is it important that the endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries slightly overlap each other?

A

Allows for the endothelium to serve as a series of one-way valves in the region of cell overlap; allows fluid to enter the capillaries but prevents it from passing back into interstitial spaces

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14
Q

Where are lymphatic capillaries found?

A

Lymphatic capillaries are found everywhere in the body except for the CNS, bone marrow, and avascular tissue (cartilage, epidermis)

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15
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Highly specialized lymphatic capillaries that are found in the villi of the small intestinal mucosa. The lymph draining from the lacteals is milky white because of the presence of digested fats. The creamy lymph is referred to as chyle.

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16
Q

Lymphatic collecting vessels have the same three layers as veins but have thinner walls. True/False

A

True

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17
Q

What is the primary function of a lymphatic trunk?

A

Drain large areas of the body

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18
Q

How many principal lymphatic trunks are there in the human body?

A

5 (4 paired, 1 unpaired)

9 total trunks

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19
Q

What are the names of the lymphatic trunks?

A

Left/ Right Lumbar

Left/ Right Bronchomediastinal

Left/ Right Subclavian

Left/ Right Jugular

Intestinal

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20
Q

Lymphatic trunks are formed by the union of the largest __________ ______________.

A

collecting vessels

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21
Q

How many lymphatic ducts are there?

A

2; right lymphatic and thoracic duct

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22
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right side of the body superior to the _______.

A

diaphragm

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23
Q

The right lymphatic duct is much shorter and smaller in diameter than the thoracic duct. True/False

A

True

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24
Q

What region of the body are the lymphatic ducts located in?

A

thoracic

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25
Q

The thoracic (left lymphatic) duct drains lymph from ________________.

A

the rest of the body

(right l.d. drains from right side superior to diaphragm)

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26
Q

The thoracic duct is the largest lymph vessel in the body. True/False

A

True

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27
Q

Each lymphatic duct empties lymph into its respective ________ vein.

A

subclavian

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28
Q

Lymph flow is one way. True/False

A

True

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29
Q

Lymph flow is not pump driven. True/False

A

True

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30
Q

Lymphatic vessels are (low pressure/ high pressure) vessels.

A

low pressure

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31
Q

The same mechanisms that aid in venous return also aid in lymph flow; these mechanisms are:

A
  1. skeletal muscle pump
  2. respiratory pump
  3. valves that prevent backflow
  4. in addition, when lymphatic vessels distend, smooth muscle in its wall contracts, which helps move the lymph
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32
Q

How many liters of lymph return to the bloodstream each day?

A

Approximately 3L

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33
Q

Where do T-cells reach maturation?

A

T-cells mature in the thymus

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34
Q

Where do B-cells reach maturation?

A

red bone marrow

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35
Q

Where do NK-cells reach maturation?

A

ANSWER

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36
Q

What are the three major types of cells found in lymphoid organs?

A

T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells (lymphocytes)

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37
Q

What are the general characteristics of lymphoid organs?

A

Lymphocytes and lymphoid tissue

38
Q

What is lymphoid tissue?

A

A type of loose connective tissue called reticular connective tissue:

  • it houses and provides proliferation site for lymphocytes
  • it furnishes an ideal surveillance vantage point for both lymphocytes and macrophages
39
Q

Where is lymphoid tissue found?

A

All lymphoid organs except thymus gland

40
Q

Aside from lymphocytes, what other cells are present in lymphoid organs?

A

macrophages, dendritic

41
Q

Where are lymph nodes heavily concentrated?

A

axillae, neck, mammary gland, and the groin

42
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

600 bean shaped organs along lymphatic vessels

43
Q

What are the functions of trabeculae?

A
  • divide the node into compartments
  • provide support
  • provide a route for blood vessels into the interior
44
Q

What covers lymph nodes?

A

a capsule of dense connective tissues

45
Q

What are the four components of the stroma (the framework of the lymph node)?

A

capsule, trabeculae, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts

46
Q

What is the parenchyma?

A

functional components of the lymph node; specialized into two regions (the cordex and the medulla)

47
Q

The inner cortex contains which kind of lymphocytes?

A

T-cells

48
Q

The medulla contains what kind of cells?

A

B-cells and plasma cells (in tightly packed strands called medullary cords)

49
Q

Where does lymph enter a lymph node?

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

50
Q

Within the node, lymph enters ________; which are a series of irregular channels that contain branching reticular fibers, lymphocytes and macrophages.

A

sinuses

51
Q

The medullary sinuses drain into _________ lymphatic vessels.

A

efferent

52
Q

Why are there fewer efferent lymphatic vessels than afferent lymphatic vessels?

A

ANSWER

53
Q

What are the functions of lymph nodes?

A
  • filter the lymph
  • act as a site to carry out immune responses
54
Q

The thymus gland is the site of which kind of cell maturation?

A

T-cell (T-lymphocyte)

55
Q

What is the importance of thymic hormones?

A

ANSWER

56
Q

Which organ has the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue?

A

spleen

57
Q

The spleen consists of two different types of tissue, what are they?

A

white pulp lymphatic tissue and red pulp blood filled sinuses

58
Q

Describe white pulp lymphatic tissue.

A

lymphatic tissue that is found in the spleen; including lymphocytes and macrophages that carry out immune responses

59
Q

What are the three functions of red pulp blood filled sinuses?

A
  • removal of worn out red blood cells
  • storage of platelets
  • production of blood cells during fetal life
60
Q

Where can you find lymphatic nodules scattered throughout the body?

A

mucosa of the GI, urinary, and reproductive tracts

61
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

(lymphatic nodules)

62
Q

Where can aggregates of the lymphatic nodules be found?

A

tonsils, appendix, and Peyer’s patches

63
Q

The body contains two major defense systems to fight against pathogens. What are they?

A

non-specific defense system

specific defense system

64
Q

What are the characteristics of the non-specific defense system?

A
  • does not target specific pathogens
  • responds immediately to threats from foreign substances
65
Q

What are the characteristics of specific defense systems?

A
  • confers a state of protection known as immunity
  • targets specific pathogens
  • involves T- and B-lymphocytes and macrophages
66
Q

The cortex is divided into an ______ and _______ cortex.

A

inner; outer

67
Q

The outer cortex contains lymphatic nodules of ____ lymphocytes.

A

B

68
Q

The inner cortex contains ___ lymphocytes.

A

T

69
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Intact skin and mucous membranes and the secretions these membranes produce

70
Q

What consists of the second line of defense?

A

phagocytes; natural killer cells; and microbial proteins

71
Q

What are the three types of antimicrobial proteins?

A

transferrins, interferons, inflammation, fever, and a “complement system”

72
Q

There are two pathways that can activate the complement system; what are they?

A

Classical pathway and alternate pathway

73
Q

What are the functions of the activated complement system?

A

Activation of inflammation, opsonization, cytolysis

74
Q

What are the two major types of phagocytes?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

75
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

redness, heat, swelling, and pain

76
Q

What is opsonization?

A

complement fragment C3b binds to the surface of the microbe and then interacts with receptors of phagocytes to promotoe phagocytosis

77
Q

What is cytolysis?

A

Several complement proteins come together to form a membrane attack complex that forms large holes in the membrane of microbes

78
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

the ingestion of microbes; one of the major mechanisms involved in destroying foreign substances in the body

79
Q

How do natural killer cells destroy pathogens?

A

NK cells destroy pathogens either through direct contact or by releasing perforins that make the membrane of the pathogen leaky so that cytolysis occurs

80
Q

What are the primary functions of inflammation?

A

Aid in the disposal of microbes; prevent spread of infection; prepares site of tissue repair

81
Q

What are the three basic stages of inflammation?

A

vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels; phagocyte migration; tissue repair

82
Q

What are four substances that contribute to the inflammation?

A

Histamine; heparin; kinins; prostaglandins

83
Q

What is specificity?

A

the immune sustem targets particular antigen

84
Q

What is memory?

A

when the immune system encounters an antigen a second time, the response to the antigen is faster and more vigorous

85
Q

What is tolerance?

A

The immune system responds to a foreign substances but ignores normal tissues

86
Q

What is versatility?

A

The immune system is ready to confront any antigen at any time

87
Q

What are antigens?

A

Substances that will provoke an immune response because they are recognized as foreign by the body

88
Q

What are characteristics of antibodies?

A
  1. protein molecules that bind to one specific antigen
  2. antibodies constitute the gamma globulin portion of blood proteins
  3. antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobins or Igs
89
Q

What are the three subpopulations of T cells?

A

cytoxic T cells; helper T cells; suppressor T cells

90
Q

T cell activation does not occur without exposure to antigen and ____________.

A

costimulation

91
Q

What are the two major classes of MHC proteins?

(major histocompatibility complex)

A

Class I and Class II

92
Q

What is the concept of antigen recognition?

A

Unique receptors on the T cells plasma membrane allow them to recognize and bind a specific antigen.

BIOL206 (3 decks)

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