Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
Stem-Changing Verbs: o:ue
the letter o in the stem changes to ue in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros
contar (to count, to tell)
cuento
cuentas
cuenta
contamos
contáis
cuentan
jugar (to play)
juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, juegan
poder (to be able to)
puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, pueden
soler (to usually do)
suelo, sueles, suele, solemos, suelen
volver (to return [from someplace] )
vuelvo, vuelves, vuelve, volvemos, vuelven
dormir (to sleep)
duermo, duermes, duerme, dormimos, duermen
soñar (to dream)
sueño, sueñas, sueña, soñamos, sueñan
almorzar (to eat lunch)
almuerzo, almuerzas, almuerza, almorzamos, almuerzan
volar (to fly)
vuelo, vuelas, vuela, volamos, vuelan
morir
to die
aprobar
to approve
mostrar
to show
colgar
to hang
**mover** to move (an object)
contar
to count, to tell
probar
to prove, test, sample, taste
costar
to cost
recordar
to remember
**devolver** to return (an object)
resolver
to solve
rogar
to beg, pray
sonar
to sound, ring
encontrar
to find
envolver
to wrap
tostar
to toast
morder
to bite
Stem-Changing Verbs: e:ie
the letter e in the stem changes to ie in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.
cerrar (to close, shut)
cierro
cierras
cierra
cerramos
cerráis
cierran
cerrar (to close, shut)
cierro, cierras, cierra, cerramos, cierran
recomendar (to recommend)
recomiendo, recomiendas, recomienda, recomendamos, recomiendan
empezar (to begin)
empiezo, empiezas, empieza, empezamos, empiezan
preferir (to prefer)
prefiero, prefieres, prefiere, preferimos, prefieren
entender (to understand)
entiendo, entiendes, entiende, entendemos, entienden
pensar (to think about)
pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, piensan
tener (to have, to get, to be)
tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tienen
querer (to want, to like, to love)
quiero, quieres, quiere, queremos, quieren
merendar (to have an afternoon snack)
meriendo, meriendas, merienda, merendamos, meriendan
comenzar (to begin)
comienzo, comienzas, comienza, comenzamos, comienzan
fregar (to scrub, wash dishes)
friego, friegas, friega, fregamos, friegan
acertar
to guess, get right
encender
to light, kindle
advertir
to advise, warn
hervir
to boil
confesar
to confess
mentir
to lie
consentir
to consent
negar
to deny
convertir
to convert
defender
to defend
perder
to lose
Stem-Changing Verbs: e:i
the letter e in the stem changes to i in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros
repetir (to repeat)
repito
repites
repite
repetimos
repetís
repiten
sonreír (to smile)
sonrío, sonríes, sonríe, sonreímos, sonríen
servir (to serve)
sirvo, sirves, sirve, servimos, sirven
repetir (to repeat)
repito, repites, repite, repetimos, repiten
decir (to say, tell)
digo, dices, dice, decimos, dicen
pedir (to ask for, to order)
pido, pides, pide, pedimos, piden
competir (to compete)
compito, compites, pompite, competimos, compiten
conseguir (to get, obtain)
consigo, consigues, consigue, conseguimos, consiguen
freír (to fry)
frío, fríes, fríe, freímos, fríen
bendecir (*)
to bless
impedir
to impede
colegir
to deduce
maldecir (*)
to curse
medir
to measure
corregir
to correct
perseguir
to pursue, to persecute
reír
to laugh
despedir
to dismiss, fire
elegir
to elect
seguir
to follow, continue
gemir
to groan, moan
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership. They agree with the nouns they modify. That is, they agree with the thing possessed, not the possessor.
Mi, tu and su do not have masculine and feminine forms. They stay the same, regardless of the gender of the nouns they modify.
mi
mis
tu
tus
su
sus
The possessive adjective nuestro has four forms.
nuestro
nuestra
nuestros
nuestras
mi(s)
my
- *mi** amigo
- *mis** amigas
tu(s)
your (fam. sing.)
- *tu **hermano
- *tus** hermanas
su(s)
his, her, your (formal), their
María busca a su hermana.
María is looking for her sister.
Juan busca a su hermana.
Juan is looking for his sister.
Ellos buscan a su hermana.
They are looking for their sister.
Su madre busca a su hermana.
Your mother is looking for your sister.
nuestro(-a, -os, -as)
our
nuestro hermano
our brother
nuestra hermana
our sister
nuestros hermanos
our brothers
nuestras hermanas
our sisters
Definite and Indefinite Articles
- *Definite articles**: la, las, el, los (the)
ejemplo: la niña, las niñas, el niño, los niños
el gato (the male cat)
- *Indefinite articles**: un, una, unas, unos (a, an, some)
ejemplo: un libro, una mesa, unas mesas, unos libros
un gato (a male cat)
*The difference between the definite and indefinite articles is the difference between talking about a specific cat, or any cat at all.
Present Participle
The present progressive is formed by combining the verb “to be” with the present participle. (The present participle is merely the “-ing” form of a verb.)
In Spanish, the present progressive is only used to describe an action that is in the process of taking place. It is not used for future actions.
To form the present progressive in Spanish, combine a form of “estar” with the present participle.
In order to form the present progressive, you must know how to conjugate the verb estar, and how to form the present participle.
estar
estoy
estás
está
estamos
estáis
están
To form the present progressive, simply conjugate the verb estar to agree with the subject of the sentence, and follow it with the present participle.
Juan está comiendo pan.
John is eating bread.
María y Carmen** están hablando** con nosotros.
Mary and Carmen are speaking with us.
To form the present participle of regular -ar verbs, add -ando to the stem of the verb.
hablar: hablando
(hablar - ar + ando)
trabajar: trabajando
(trabajar - ar + ando)
estudiar: estudiando
(estudiar - ar + ando)
To form the present participle of regular -er and -ir verbs, add -iendo to the stem of the verb.
comer: comiendo
(comer - er + iendo)
hacer: haciendo
(hacer - er + iendo)
vivir: viviendo
(vivir - ir + iendo)
escribir: escribiendo
(escribir - ir + iendo)
To form the present participle of -ir stem changing verbs, change e:i and o:u in the stem, and then add -iendo to the stem of the verb.
servir: sirviendo
pedir: pidiendo
decir: diciendo
freír: friendo
dormir: durmiendo
morir: muriendo
poder: pudiendo
Sometimes when forming the present participle it is necessary to change the spelling of a word so that it agrees with the way it is pronounced. We call this an “orthographic” change. Here are some common examples:
caer: cayendo
creer: creyendo
huir: huyendo
ir: yendo
influir: influyendo
oír: oyendo
traer: trayendo
leer: leyendo
seguir: siguiendo
Demonstrative
Adjectives and Pronouns
adjective
describes a noun
In the following sentences, the words in bold all function as adjectives, since they all describe the noun “book.”
Give me the red book.
Give me the big book.
Give me that book.
Give me this book.
pronoun
takes the place of a noun
In the following sentences, the words in bold all function as pronouns, since they all take the place of a noun.
Maria is next; give her the ball.
Juan is here; say hello to him.
That pencil is yours; this is mine.
This book is mine; that is yours.
Demonstrative Adjectives
- *este** libro (this book)
- *estos** libros (these books)
- *esta** pluma (this pen)
- *estas** plumas (these pens)
- *ese** libro (that book)
- *esos** libros (those books)
- *esa** pluma (that pen)
- *esas** plumas (those pens)
- *aquel** libro (that book over there)
- *aquellos** libros (those books over there)
- *aquella** pluma (that pen over there)
- *aquellas** plumas (those pens over there)
Demonstrative Pronouns
- *éste** (this one - masculine)
- *éstos** (these ones - masculine)
- *ésta** (this one - feminine)
- *éstas** (these ones - feminine)
- *ése** (that one - masculine)
- *ésos** (those ones - masculine)
- *ésa** (that one - feminine)
- *ésas** (those ones - feminine)
- *aquél** (that one over there - masc.)
- *aquéllos** (those ones over there - masc.)
- *aquélla** (that one over there - fem.)
- *aquéllas** (those ones over there - fem.)
Each demonstrative pronoun also has a neuter form. They do not change for number or gender, and they are used to refer to abstract ideas, or to an unknown object.
- *esto** (this matter, this thing)
- *eso** (that matter, that thing)
- *aquello** (that matter/thing over there)
Demonstrative Adverbs
aquí / acá
here
ahí
there
- *allí / allá**
(way) over there
Direct Object Pronouns
The object that directly receives the action of the verb is called the direct object.
Bill hit the ball.
“Ball” receives the action of the verb “hit.”
Sherry reads the book.
“Book” receives the action of the verb “reads.”
The direct object can also be a person.
Sherry hit Bill. (The direct object is Bill)
The direct object answers the question “what?” or “whom?” with regard to what the subject of the sentence is doing.
Bill hit what?
Bill hit the ball.
Sherry hit whom?
Sherry hit Bill.
Often, it is desirable to replace the name of the direct object with a pronoun.
Example 1
Paul bought the flowers. He took the flowers home and gave the flowers to his wife.
Example 2
Paul bought the flowers. He took them home and gave them to his wife.
When the pronoun replaces the name of the direct object, use the following pronouns:
- *me** (me)
- *te** (you-familiar)
- *lo**, la (him, her, it, you-formal)
- *nos** (us)
- *los, las** (them, you-all-formal)
In an affirmative statement with one verb, the direct object pronoun comes immediately before the conjugated verb.
Tengo = I have
Tengo la pluma. = I have the pen.
La tengo. = I have it.
If the direct object of the sentence changes to a masculine noun, the masculine pronoun must be used.
Juan lo tiene.
Juan tiene = John has
Juan tiene el libro. = John has the book.
Juan lo tiene. = John has it.
but
Juan la tiene.
Juan tiene = John has
Juan tiene la pluma. = John has the pen.
Juan la tiene. = John has it.
Likewise, if the direct object of the sentence changes from singular to plural, the plural pronoun must be used.
Juan lo tiene.
Juan tiene = John has
Juan tiene el libro. = John has the book.
Juan lo tiene. = John has it.
but
María los tiene.
María tiene = Mary has
María tiene los libros. = Mary has the books.
María los tiene. = Mary has them.
Further Examples:
la como
I eat it (feminine DO - la sopa, la comida, etc.)
lo como
I eat it (masculine DO - el pollo, el arroz, etc.)
la leo
I read it
lo leo
I read it
la veo
I see it
lo veo
I see it
la tengo
I have it
lo tengo
I have it
la compro
I buy it
lo compro
I buy it
In the previous examples, it is clear that the subject of the sentence is “I” because the verbs are all conjugated in the “yo” form. With other verb forms, it is often desirable to add a word to clarify the subject.
Juan la come. (la comida)
Juan eats it.
María lo tiene. (el libro)
María has it.
El chico la compra. (la pluma)
The boy buys it.
La chica lo ve. (el edificio)
The girl sees it.
Ustedes lo leen. (el periódico)
You-all read it.
Examples of plural direct objects:
Juan come dos sándwiches.
Los come. or Juan los come.
María tiene tres libros.
Los tiene. or María los tiene.
El chico compra dos revistas.
Las compra. or El chico las compra.
La chica ve dos coches.
Los ve. or La chica los ve.
Ella compra dos televisores.
Los compra. or Ella los compra.
Tenemos dos mesas.
Las tenemos. or Nosotros las tenemos.
Examples where the direct object is a person:
I know you.
Te conozco.
She loves him.
Ella lo ama.
She loves me.
Ella me ama.
Juan sees her.
Juan la ve.
They call us.
Ellos nos llaman.
We call them.
Los llamamos.
Speaking Impersonally
SE + VERB
Impersonal expressions are used when the subject of a verb is unspecified or unknown (but is human). They are mostly used to make general statements and to express rules, but also are very useful for asking how to spell a word or what a word means.
Se debe trabajar mucho para tener éxito.
One should work hard to gain success.
¿Cómo se dice “beach” en español?
How do you say “beach” in Spanish?
se + SINGULAR VERB + SINGULAR NOUN
- *Se come** mucha lechosa.
- People eat (One eats, You eat) a lot of papaya.*
- *Se compra** el pan en la pnadería.
- People buy bread at the bakery. (One buys bread…, Bread is bought…)*
se + PLURAL VERB + PLURAL NOUN
- *Se ven** muchas verduras frescas en los mercados.
- You see a lot of fresh vegetables at the markets. (A lot of vegetables are seen…)*
- *Se hacen** los tamales al vapor.
- You make tamales by steaming (One makes…, Tamales are made…)*
If one or more infinitives follow se + verb, the verb is conjugated in the singular.
Se puede comer mariscos en el Caribe.
One (People, You) can eat shellfish in teh Caribbean.
Se debe bailar, tomar el sol y dormir mucho en las vacaciones.
One (People, You) should dance, sunbathe, and sleep a lot on vacation.
“Por” and “Para”
“Por” and “para” have a variety of meanings, and they are often confused because they can each be translated as “for.”
Gracias por la información.
Thanks for the information.
Este regalo es para Juan.
This gift is for Juan.
To learn to use “por” and “para” correctly, you need to do two things:
- Learn the rules for how por and para are used.
- Memorize model sentences.
“Por” has many uses, and so it is the more problematic of the two.
Rule: to express gratitude or apology
Model: Gracias por la ayuda.
(Thanks for the help.)
Rule: for multiplication and division
Model: Dos por dos son cuatro.
(Two times two equals four.)
Rule: for velocity, frequency and proportion
Model: Voy al restaurante cinco veces por semana.
(I go to the restaurant five times per week.)
Rule: meaning “through,” “along,” “by” or “in the area of”
Model: Andamos por el parque.
(We walk through the park.)
Rule: when talking about exchange, including sales
Model: Él me dio diez dólares por el libro.
(He gave me ten dollars for the book.)
Rule: to mean “on behalf of,” or “in favor of,”
Model: No voté por nadie.
(I didn’t vote for anyone.)
Rule: to express a length of time
**Model: **Yo estudié por dos horas.
(I studied for two hours.)
Rule: to express an undetermined, or general time, meaning “during”
Model: Se puede ver las estrellas por la noche.
(One can see the stars during the night.)
Rule: for means of communication or transportation
Model: Prefiero viajar por tren y hablar por teléfono.
(I prefer to travel by train and speak by phone.)
Rule: in cases of mistaken identity, or meaning “to be seen as”
Model: Me tienen por loco.
(They take me for crazy.)
Rule: to show the reason for an errand (with ir, venir, pasar, mandar, volver, and preguntar)
**Model: **Paso por ti a las ocho.
(I’ll come by for you at eight o’clock.)
**Rule: **when followed by an infinitive, to express an action that remains to be completed, use por + infinitive
Model: La cena está por cocinar.
(Dinner has yet to be cooked.)
Rule: to express cause or reason
Model: El hombre murió por falta de agua.
The man died for lack of water.
**Rule: **“estar por” means to be in the mood, or inclined to do something
Model: Estoy por tomar café.
(I’m in the mood for drinking coffee.)
**Rule: **in passive constructions
**Model: **El libro fue escrito por Octavio Paz.
(The book was written by Octavio Paz.)
“Por” also appears in many idiomatic expressions:
por adelantado
in advance
por ahora
for now
por allí
around there; that way
por amor de Dios
for the love of God
por aquí
around here; this way
por casualidad
by chance
por ciento
percent
por cierto
certainly
por completo
completely
por dentro
inside
por desgracia
unfortunately
por ejemplo
for example
por eso
therefore
por favor
please
por fin
finally
por lo general
generally
por lo visto
apparently
por medio de
by means of
por lo menos
at least
por lo tanto
consequently
por mi parte
as for me
por ningún lado
nowhere
por otra parte
on the other hand
palabra por palabra
word for word
por primera vez
for the first time
por separado
separately
por supuesto
of course
por suerte
fortunately
por todas partes
everywhere
por todos lados
on all sides
por último
finally
“Para” – in contrast, has relatively fewer uses.
Rule: to indicate destination
Model: El hombre salió para Madrid.
(The man left for Madrid.)
Rule: to show the use or purpose of a thing
Model: El vaso es para agua.
(The glass is for water.)
Rule: to mean “in order to” or “for the purpose of”
**Model: **Para hacer una paella, primero dore las carnes.
(To make a paella, first sauté the meats.)
Rule: to indicate a recipient
Model: Este regalo es para ti.
(This gift is for you.)
Rule: to express a deadline or specific time
Model: Necesito el vestido para el lunes.
(I need the dress by Monday.)
**Rule: **to express a contrast from what is expected
Model: Para un niño lee muy bien.
(For a child, he reads very well.)
Rule: “estar para” to express an action that will soon be completed
Model: El tren está para salir.
(The train is about to leave.)
It is quite important to learn to use these two prepositions correctly, because if you inadvertently substitute one for the other, you might end up saying something altogether different from what you had intended. Study the two examples:
Juan compró el regalo para María.
Juan bought the gift for Maria.
(he bought it to give to her)
Juan compró el regalo por María.
Juan bought the gift for Maria.
(he bought it because she could not)
“Por” and “para” can also be used in questions. “¿Por qué?” means “Why?” (for what reason) while “¿Para qué?” means “Why?” (for what purpose).
¿Por qué estudias español?
For what reason do you study Spanish?
Possible answer:
Porque es un requisito.
Because it’s required.
¿Para qué estudias español?
For what purpose do you study Spanish?
Possible answer:
Para ser profesor de español.
In order to become a Spanish teacher.
Affirmative Commands
- Most affirmative tú commands look like the usted/él/ella form of the verb
- Most affirmative usted and ustedes commands seem to have the “opposite” vowel in their ending.
- Additional spelling changes are made in the usted and ustedes commands of some verbs to maintain the original sound of the verb stem.
¡Empieza! (tú)
Begin!
¡Empiece! (usted)
Begin!
¡Empiecen! (ustedes)
Begin!
hacer (to do, to make)
(tú) haz, (usted) haga, (ustedes) hagan
salir (to go out, to leave)
(tú) sal, (usted) salga, (ustedes) salgan
tener (to have, to get, to be)
(tú) ten, (usted) tenga, (ustedes) tegan
