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Child Psychology > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Reflexes

A

Built in reactions to stimuli

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2
Q

Newborn sleep

A

Sleep 16-17 hours a day, REM occurs more in infancy than adulthood

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3
Q

REM

A

Rapid eye movement sleep, usually when dreams occur

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4
Q

Auto-stimulation theory

A

The theory that during REM sleep the infants brain stimulates itself

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5
Q

Colic

A

When a healthy baby cries for a long time for no obvious reason

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6
Q

Brazelton Neonatal behavioral assessment scale

A

Preformed 24-36 hours after birth, measure reflexes and reactions among infants/newborns

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7
Q

Apgar Scale

A

Asses the health of newborns one to five minutes after birth, measures heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color

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8
Q

Habituation

A

Decreased response to stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus

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9
Q

Stereoscopic vision

A

The ability of the visual brain to register a sense of three dimensional shape and form from visual inputs

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10
Q

Visual cliff

A

Examined depth perception in infants by creating a visual illusion of a cliff

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11
Q

Size constancy

A

Is the recognition that an object remains the same, even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object

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12
Q

Shape constancy

A

Is the recognition that an object remains the same shape even though it’s orientation to us changes

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13
Q

Hemispheres

A

Brain has two hemispheres. Each hemisphere of the cortex has four major areas called lobes. Frontal occipital, lobe, temporal, lobe, parietal lobe.

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14
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Where fibers connect the brains left and right hemispheres

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15
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells which handle information processing at the cellular level in the brain

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16
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body

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17
Q

Axons

A

Transmit information away from the cell body

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18
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information from other neurons, muscles or glands

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19
Q

Synapse

A

Tiny gaps between neuron fibers

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20
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

The creation of new connections between neurons within the brain, spinal cord or between neurons and muscle cells

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21
Q

Neurobiological development

A

The intricate and dynamic process extends to late adolescence and involves processes such as myelination of axons, synaptic pruning and changes in cell morphology

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22
Q

Plasticity

A

The brains ability to change

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23
Q

Pruning

A

The removal of synaptic connections which are the connections between neurons and brain cells

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24
Q

Experience-expectant development

A

Cognitive developments that occur as a result of interaction with our everyday environment

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25
Q

Experience-dependent development

A

The idea that the structure and function of the brain are shaped by experiences that an individual has throughout their lifetime

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26
Q

Myelination

A

Formation of the myelin sheath around a nerve to allow for improved conduction

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27
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Damage or abnormalities inside the developing brain that disrupt the brains ability to control movement and maintain posture and balance

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28
Q

Autism

A

Neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn and behave

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29
Q

Gross motor skills

A

Skills that involve large muscle activities such as moving one’s arms and walking

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30
Q

Fine motor skills

A

Involve finely tuned movements, grasping, buttoning a shirt

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31
Q

Proximodistal

A

The general tendency for the development of motor skills to start at the center of an organism and radiate out towards from there

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32
Q

Sensation

A

Occurs when information interacts with the sensory receptors, the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin

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33
Q

Perception

A

The interpretation of what is being sensed

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34
Q

Mirror neurons

A

A type of brain cell that is activated both when performing and action and observing another perform the same action

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35
Q

Visual acuity

A

The ability to see fine details

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36
Q

Menarche

A

The first menstrual period in a female adolescent

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37
Q

Puberty

A

A period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily in adolescence

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38
Q

Primary & secondary sex characteristics

A

Primary sex characteristics, testes and nails, ores and females are directly involved in reproduction of the species. Secondary sex characteristics are features not directly concerned with reproduction, such as voice quality, facial hair, and breast size.

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39
Q

Secular trend

A

A long-term development and occurring over an extended period of time, indicating a gradual change aka puberty

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40
Q

Precocious puberty

A

When children’s bodies begin to change into adult bodies too soon. High risk of engaging in high-risk behavior, such as substance abuse, conduct issues, social isolation, truancy, and multiple sexual partners. As well as self image concerns.

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41
Q

Anxiety

A

Apprehension tension, or an easiness that stems from the anticipation of danger which may be internal or external

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42
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

Persistent and excessive worry that interferes with daily activities

43
Q

Phobia

A

Uncontrollable, irrational and lasting fear of a certain object situation or activity

44
Q

Clinical depression

A

A mental health condition that causes a persistently, low or depressed mood and a loss of interest in activities that once brought joy

45
Q

Empathy

A

The cognitive and emotional reactions of an individual to the observed experiences of another

46
Q

Sympathy

A

Feelings of concern or compassion, resulting from an awareness of the suffering or sorrow of another

47
Q

Social referencing

A

The process were infants use the effective displays of an adult, regulate their behaviors toward environmental objects, persons, and situations

48
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

The ability to manage both your own emotions and understand the emotions of people around you

49
Q

Self-conscious emotions

A

Any emotion generated when events reflect on the worth or value of the self in one’s own eyes or others eyes

50
Q

Guilt

A

A feeling of worry or happiness that you have because you have done something wrong such as causing harm to another person

51
Q

Shame

A

A feeling of embarrassment or humiliation that arises from the perception of having done something dishonorable, immoral, or improper

52
Q

Reactive attachment disorder

A

A child doesn’t form healthy emotional bonds with their caretakers often because of emotional neglect or abuse at an early age

53
Q

Strange situation

A

A standardized observational procedure involving short separations and reunions between an infant and the caregiver

54
Q

Ainsworth attachment stages

A

Secure: confident

Ambivalent: distress when left alone, struggles to trust

Avoidant: abuse or neglect from caregiver, independent

Disorganized: inconsistent parenting, antisocial behavior

55
Q

Internal working model

A

A model of attachment that is the thinking process someone relies on that is built on past experiences

56
Q

Separation anxiety

A

Excessive fear or worry about separation from home or an attachment figure

57
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

Distress that babies experience when they meet or are left in the care of people who are unfamiliar to them

58
Q

Drive reduction

A

Suggests that behavior is motivated by the need to reduce physiological imbalances or drives

59
Q

Cathexis

A

The process of mental or emotional energy to a person, object or idea

60
Q

Attachment

A

A deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another

61
Q

Secure attachment

A

A bond where individuals feel safe, supported, and connected

62
Q

Secure base for exploration

A

A nurturing and dependable relationship between a caregiver and a child

63
Q

Temperament classification

A

Easy child: positive mood, adapts easily to new experiences

Difficult child: reacts negatively and cries frequently, slow to change

Slow to warm child: low activity level, somewhat negative

64
Q

Emotion schemas

A

Dysfunctional beliefs and coping strategies to deal with emotional experiences

65
Q

Vocabulary bursts

A

Initial stage of slow vocabulary growth to a stage of faster vocabulary growth

66
Q

Constraint

A

Inhibition due to anxiety

67
Q

Fast mapping

A

Involves children’s ability to make an initial connection between a word and its referent after only limited exposure to the word

68
Q

Emergent literacy

A

A child’s foundational skills for reading and writing before it develops conventionally and independently

69
Q

Dialogic reading

A

Invokes an adult and child having a dialogue around the text they’re reading aloud together

70
Q

Phonological awareness

A

The ability to recognize and manipulate the spoken parts of sentences and words

71
Q

Phonics

A

Teaching children to connect the sounds of spoken English letters or groups of letters

72
Q

Whole language instruction

A

Teaches children to learn whole words and use them in context by introducing young readers to books for practice

73
Q

Balanced reading approach

A

Blends phonics with the whole language

74
Q

Metalinguistic abilities

A

An individuals ability to focus attention on language as an object in and of itself to reflect upon language into a evaluate it

75
Q

Knowledge telling

A

Approach to learning and teaching that involves relatively shallow engagement with the study material

76
Q

Knowledge transforming

A

A cognitive learning strategy that focuses on actively transforming and reconstructing new information to fit with pre-existing knowledge

77
Q

Immersion programs

A

Educational approaches designed to teach students a second language

78
Q

Transitional bilingual education programs

A

Allows students to learn English while also receiving education in their native language

79
Q

Developmental bilingual programs

A

Uses a students native language and English for academic learning

80
Q

Dual language programs

A

Students are taught literacy and content in two languages

81
Q

Expressive language disorder

A

A condition in which a child has lower than normal ability in vocabulary, saying complex sentences and remembering words

82
Q

Phonological disorder

A

Failure to use developmentally expected speech sounds

83
Q

Receptive-expressive language disorder

A

Trouble speaking with others and expressing thoughts and feelings

84
Q

Asperger’s disorder

A

A form of autism spectrum disorder. Hard times relating to others, specific routine, narrow set of interests, act in repetitive ways

85
Q

Echolalia

A

The repetition of words and phrases uttered by another individual

86
Q

Dyslexia

A

Difficulty in reading, speaking and spelling

87
Q

Dysgraphia

A

Neurological condition and learning difference in which someone has difficulty with writing for their age level

88
Q

Syntax

A

The set of rules and processes that govern sentence structure in a language

89
Q

Semantics

A

The meanings of words, signs, symbols, and the phrases that represent them

90
Q

Morpheme

A

The smallest units of speech that convey meaning

91
Q

Phoneme

A

The smallest units of sound that are recognizable as human speech that makes words distinct from one another

92
Q

Pragmatics

A

Studies the way people use language

93
Q

Phonology

A

Study of patterns of sounds in a language and across languages

94
Q

The behaviorist theory

A

Language develops as a result of experiences and environment

95
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Social-cultural interactions come first, then cognition and language development

96
Q

Nativism

A

Children are born with the innate ability and capacity for learning that is hardwired in human brains

97
Q

Interactionism

A

Our language develops out of desire to communicate, then language is dependent upon who we want to communicate with

98
Q

Cognitive processing theory

A

Emphasizes the role of cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and problems solving in language learning

99
Q

Universal grammar

A

The pre-specification in the brain that permits learning of language to take place

100
Q

Overregularization

A

Children learn rules of grammar as they learn language but may apply these rules inappropriately at first

101
Q

Recast

A

A repeat of what a child said, but with an addition that adds meaning or corrects words

102
Q

Broca’s & Wernicke’s area

A

Broca’s: controls the ability to speak words

Wernicke’s: controls the ability to understand the meaning of words

103
Q

Receptive and expressive language

A

Receptive: how one understand language

Expressive: how one uses words to express themselves

104
Q

Child-directed speech

A

The way a person speaks with a child, baby talk etc

Child Psychology (1 decks)

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