Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
list the SNS effects on the body
“fight or flight”
continuously stimulated
increased HR
increased BP
bronchiolar dilation
shunts blood to needed vessels
list parasympathetic NS effects on body
“rest & digest”
slows HR
lowers BP
bronchoconstriction
effects short lived; PNS brings us back to homeostasis and shuts off response
what are sympathomimetics?
drugs that mimic the SNS response in the body
direct or indirect
give examples of direct acting sympathomimetics
epinephrine
isoproterenol
albuterol
give examples of indirect acting sympathomimetics
ephedrine
amphetamines
how do indirect acting sympathomietics work?
direct acting drugs don’t bind to the receptors
they work by** blocking reuptake** of NE, or reverse the direction of the NET (norepi transporter)
which receptors do sympathomimetics work on?
alpha
beta
what are sympatholytics (sympathoplegics)?
drugs that inhibit the SNS response in the body
which receptors do sympatholytics work on?
alpha
beta
mixed (nonspecific)
which receptors do the parasympathetic NS work on?
muscarinic
nicotinic
alpha
beta
what are the two subdivisions of drug classes that work on the parasympathetic NS
- cholinomimetics
- anticholinergics
what are cholinomimetics?
these drugs mimic the effects of ACh (-choline)
two classes:
1. direct acting
2. indirect acting
what do direct acting cholinomimetics do?
direct acting: binds to the receptor site and stimulates the receptor
these are agonist drugs
what are the two subclasses of direct acting cholinomimetics?
- choline esters
- alkaloids
what are examples of direct acting choline esters?
- ACh
- methacholine
- succinylcholine
-choline drugs
these are hydrophilic drugs d/t charged amine group (N+)
what are some examples of direct acting alkaloids?
- muscarine
- nicotine
- pilocarpine
- lobeline
- arecoline (from betel nut)
good absorption (if they’re uncharged)
what are the two types of indirect acting cholinomimetics?
- irreversible
- reversible
how do indirect acting cholinomimetics work?
cholinomimetics = parasympathomimetic
they are indirect because they bind to the receptor to block AChE from breaking down ACh; this has an overall increase in ACh in the synapse
they function as antagonists
what are some irreversible indirect acting cholinomimetics?
Sarin nerve gas
organophosphates
what makes irreversible indirect acting cholinomimetics irreversible?
covalent bonds
what are some examples of indirect acting, reversible cholinomimetics?
neostigmine
pyridostigmine
-stigmines
what are some examples of sympatholytic drugs?
alpha blockers
beta blockers
name the cholinergic receptors
- nicotinic
- muscarinic
the endogenous ligand for these receptors is ACh
ACh > “choline” > “cholinergic”
list the different adrenergic receptors
alpha
beta
dopamine
differentiate the types of muscarinic receptors
M1, M3, M5: excitatory
M2, M4: inhibitory
differentiate the types of nicotinic receptors
Nn: neuronal
Nm: muscular
which NTs bind to the nicotinic receptors?
- ACh
- curare derivatives
which NTs bind to the muscarinic receptors?
- ACh
- Atropine
what type of signal transduction do nicotinic receptors utilize?
ion channels
usually FAST
what type of signal transduction do muscarinic receptors utilize?
GPCRs
usually SLOW(er) than nicotinic receptors
how are M1, M3, and M5 considered “stimulatory”
they use the Gq pathway for signal transduction
this is a GPCR that activates phospholipase, which will increase IP3 + DAG
how are M2 and M4 considered “inhibitory”
these receptors utilize the Gi pathway; these are GPCRs that inhibit adenylate cyclase, which decreases cAMP production
