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Life in the Ocean > Exam 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary Terms Chapter 7 through 9

1
Q

What percentage of animals are invertebrates?

A

97%

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2
Q

Diploid organisms

A

two complete sets of chromosomes with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair

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3
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Deriving nutrition from organic substances

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4
Q

Three Types of Symmetry (body plan)

A
  1. Radial - equal parts radiate from central point
  2. Bilateral - divided into about equal left and right halves
  3. Asymmetrical - no symmetry
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5
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges

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6
Q

Sessile

A

non-motile and living attached

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7
Q

Ostia

A

tiny spores on sponges that allow water to pass through
(Water movement allows for filter feeding on plankton, dissolving material in water, carrying metabolites (waste) away, and carrying gametes)

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8
Q

Asexual budding

A

form of asexual reproduction; cell cluster fragments from original sponge to begin new area

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9
Q

Broadcast spawning

A

sperm released into nearby water

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10
Q

Two forms of Structural Support for Porifera (Sponges)

A
  1. Sponging - support protein
  2. Spicules - support structures of various shapes
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11
Q

Choanocytes (Collar Cells)

A

line interior canals of Porifera body

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12
Q

Pinacocytes

A

Flattened cells covering the exterior of Porifera body

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13
Q

Phorocytes

A

Cells with a pore to allow water to pass into the Porifera body

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14
Q

Cnidarians

A

Stinging Animals

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15
Q

Cnidocytes (Stinging Cells)

A

stinging cells possessed by Cnidarians with nametocysts capsules on tenctacles for protection and feeding

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16
Q

Medusa body form

A

free-floating, transported by water currents, downward mouth and tentacles

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17
Q

Polyp body form

A

sessile, upward mouth and tentacles

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18
Q

Epidermis

A

tissue layer that covers body surface

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19
Q

Gastrodermis

A

tissue layer that lines internal body cavity, specialized for digestion

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20
Q

Three Classifications of Cnidarians

A
  1. Scyphozoan - True Jellyfish
  2. Anthozoa - Corals, Anemones, Sea Fans, Sea Whips, Sea Pansy
  3. Hydrozoa
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21
Q

Scyphozoan

A

True Jellyfish

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22
Q

Anthozoa

A

Corals, Anemones, Sea Fans, Sea Whips, Sea Pansy

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23
Q

Hydrozoa

A

classification of Cnidarian

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24
Q

Ctenophores

A

Comb Jellies

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25
Q

Three Classifications of Flatworms

A
  1. Turbellarians
  2. Flukes
  3. Tapeworms
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26
Q

First Brain

A

cluster of nervous tissues in head (of Flatworms)

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27
Q

Proboscis

A

long, fleshy tube to entangle prey

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28
Q

Nematodes

A

Round Worms

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29
Q

Annelids

A

Segmented Worms

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30
Q

Setae

A

bristle-like structures that extend from the sides of each segment to help stay in place (in most Annelids except leeches)

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31
Q

Four Classifications of Annelids (Segmented Worms)

A
  1. Polychaetas
  2. Leeches
  3. Oligochaetes
  4. Pogonophora (bearded worms)
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32
Q

Sipuncula

A

Peanut Worms

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33
Q

Echurians

A

phylum of deposit feeders, sometimes classified with annelids

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34
Q

Two classifications of Bryozoans

A
  1. Phoronids
  2. Brachiopods
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35
Q

Lophophore

A

feeding structure; an extension of the body wall that ends in tentacled structure that surrounds the mouth

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36
Q

4 Classes of Molluscs

A
  1. Chiton
  2. Bivalve
  3. Gastropods
  4. Cephalopods
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37
Q

Umbo

A

oldest part of shell; shell grows from umbo in concentric rings

38
Q

Nudibranch

A

shell-less sea slugs, part of Gastropod class of Molluscs

39
Q

What percentage of earth’s animals are arthropods?

A

75%

40
Q

Chitin Exoskeleton

A

hard, light, moderately flexible

41
Q

Molting

A

Arthropods shed shell to grow

42
Q

Four Classes of Arthropods

A
  1. Crustaceans
  2. Horseshoe Crabs
  3. Sea Spiders
  4. Sea Insects
43
Q

Chaetognath

A

Arrow Worms

44
Q

5 Classes of Echinoderms

A
  1. Sea Stars
  2. Brittle Stars
  3. Sea Urchins, Sea Biscuits, Sand Dollars
  4. Crinoids
  5. Sea Cucumber
45
Q

Test

A

rigid plate fused into solid structure (sea in Echinoderms like Sea Urchins)

46
Q

Aristotle’s Lantern

A

feeding structure of muscles and mouthpieces

47
Q

Two Types of Invertebrate Chordata

A
  1. Tunicates (“sea squirts”
  2. Lancelets
48
Q

Notochord

A

nerve cord support

49
Q

Agnatha

A

Jawless Fish

50
Q

Two Classes of Agnatha (Jawless Fish)

A
  1. Lamprey
  2. Hagfish
51
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous fish

52
Q

Spiracles

A

openings on heads of more advanced fish to bring in water for respiration

53
Q

Organ of Lorenzini

A

sensory organ to detect electrical currents to detect nearby organisms if hidden

54
Q

Three types of Reproduction

A
  1. Vivipary - live birth
  2. Oviparity - lay egg cases
  3. Ovoviviparity - egg hatches in the female and young are expelled from the female’s reproductive tract
55
Q

Types of Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)

A
  1. Sharks
  2. Skates
  3. Rays
  4. Ratfish
56
Q

Demersal

A

organisms that lay at ocean bottom and partially cover themselves in sand

57
Q

Homocercal tail

A

two equal-sized lobes for forward thrust

58
Q

Countershading

A

ventral area lighter than dorsal area

59
Q

Cryptic Coloration

A

camouflage in environment

60
Q

Warning coloration

A

indicates bad taste or poisonous

61
Q

Fish seen from Above coloration

A

dorsal area darker to blend in with ocean bottom

62
Q

Fish seen from below coloration

A

Ventral area lighter to blend in with ocean surface

63
Q

Two Types of Mouth Position for Fish

A
  1. Forward Facing - predator fish
  2. Downward Facing - bottom feeding
64
Q

Osmoregulation

A

process of managing internal water and solute balance

65
Q

Olfactory Sacs

A

for smelling

66
Q

Lateral line systems

A

series of pores and canals lined with neuromasts cells that detect vibrations which indicate positions of other fish

67
Q

Nictitating Membrane

A

cover eyes for protection (seen in some sharks)

68
Q

Anadromous species

A

live in saltwater but travel to freshwater for reproduction

69
Q

Catadromous species

A

live in freshwater but travel to saltwater for reproduction

70
Q

Internal Fertilization

A

form of reproduction; sperm is inserted into female by male

71
Q

Hemaphroditic

A

organism possess male and female reproductive organs

72
Q

Simultaneous Hermaphrodite

A

possess male and female structures at same time, more rare (than sequential hermaphrodites)

73
Q

Sequential Hermaphrodites

A

possess male and female reproductive structures at different times during life

74
Q

Protandry

A

sequential hermaphrodite; first male and then female

75
Q

Protogyny

A

sequential hermaphrodite; first female then male

76
Q

Parthenogenic

A

young develop from unfertilized egg of female without DNA from male; young are “clones” of female; rare

77
Q

Four Classes of Marine Reptiles

A
  1. Sea Snakes
  2. Sea Turtles
  3. Marine Iguanas
  4. Saltwater Crocodiles
78
Q

Carapace and Plastron

A

Structure of Sea Turtle shell
Carapace - upper shell
Plastron - lower shell

79
Q

Poikilothermic

A

body temperature fluctuates with environment

80
Q

Ectothermic

A

cold-blooded

81
Q

Pivotal temperature

A

Temperature of sea turtle egg incubation environment which generates 50% males and 50% females

82
Q

Four Classes of Marine Mammals

A
  1. Pinnipedian
  2. Carnivora
  3. Sirenia
  4. Cetacea
83
Q

Pinnipedian

A

Classification of Mammals; sea turtles, sea lions, walruses

84
Q

Carnivora

A

classification of mammals; sea otters, polar bears

85
Q

Sirenia

A

Classification of mammals; dugong and manatees

86
Q

Cetacea

A

classification of mammals; whales, dolphins, porpoises

87
Q

Apneustic breathing

A

rapid breathing prior to dive; adaptation for diving

88
Q

Bradycardia

A

heart rate slows dramatically during dive; adaptation for diving

89
Q

Breaching

A

jumping out of water and crashing back into water on back

90
Q

Spy-hopping

A

holding body out of water

91
Q

Mass strandings

A

animals beach themselves (sometimes by following sick or injured animals to shore

Life in the Ocean (2 decks)

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