Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
What are the symptoms for SSRI discontinuation syndrome
(FINISH)
F= Flu like symptoms (aches, pains, chills)
I= Insomnia
N= Nausea
I= Imbalance
S= Sensory disturbance (tremors, sensation of electrical shock)
H= Hyperarousal
What is the first line agent for anxiety disorders? e.g. Social anxiety disorder (SAD)
***First line treatment for chronic anxiety, GAD, panic disorder = SSRI
Treat comorbid depression
Lack abuse risk
Low side effect rate
A patient presents with depressive symptoms alongside pain complaints = what medications
will you consider?
SNRI’s and TCA’s
Highest anticholinergic effect between TCA/BZO/SSRI?
TCA
Venlafaxine (Effexor) notable SEs
can be very activating (patients can be restless)
dose-dependent elevated BP
(NOT anticholinergic)
Tx akathisia
β-adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta-blockers) are generally most effective in thetreatment of Akathisia
(can use BZO but not first line)
Which Serotonergic agent can cause priapism?
Trazodone or escitalopram
Signs serotonin syndrome
muscle spasms, fever, racing heart, headache, and confusion
o S=Shivering
o H=Hyperreflexia/Myoclonic jerks
o I = Increased Temp (Fever)
o V= Vitals Instability (↑↓BP; ↑RR; ↑HR)
o E= Encephalopathy (Confusion)
o R= Restlessness
o S= Sweating (Diaphoresis)
Only tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) thought to be effective in the treatment of obsessive
compulsive disorder (OCD)
clomipramine
Treatment for acute panic attacks =
can use benzo short term in addition to long-term SSRI
performance anxiety tx
propranolol
o CBT
o 1 st line = SSRI or SNRIs
Best meds for GAD (1st/2nd line)
**SSRI (escitalopram, paroxetine) SNRI (duloxetine, venlafaxine)
2nd line= Buspar, SNRI
Can consider short term course of Benzos or augmentation with buspirone (Buspar)
Best meds for SAD
SSRI
Best med for Panic attacks
initially use benzo (short term)
Panic disorder tx (first line, second line, adjunct);what bzo specifically?
Panic disorder
o 1 st line = SSRI, SNRIs
o 2 nd line= TCAs= though limited use
o Adjunct = Benzos USE WITH CAUTION, short-term until other meds reach therapeutic efficacy
alprazolam is FDA approved for panic d/o
OCD tx (first line class & common meds, second line)
Meds + CBT
o 1 st line= SSRI (often need high doses of sertraline, fluoxetine); Luvox
o 2 nd line = SNRI (e.g. venlafaxine) (Clomipramine=Anafranil)
Effects of benzodiazepine use and SE
Enhance activity of GABA at GABA-A receptor
- Potential for abuse and addiction
- Patient become physical dependent and build tolerance
- Can be used to treat Akathisia
- Choice of BDZ depends on time of onset, duration of action and method of metabolism
OTL= Outside The Liver (oxazepam, temazepam, lorazepam) = not metabolized by
the liver - S/E: Anticholinergic, unusual behaviors, hallucinations, daytime drowsiness,
amnesia
MOA of benzodiazepines & what effect does it have on body
MOA: Potentiate effects of GABA (Remember GABA is inhibitory) → drowsiness, cognitive
impairment, dampening of fear and anxiety, impaired balance, moto control, muscle tone
and coordination, anterograde amnesia.
Risk BZO use in elderly
Elderly patients: Increased fall risk, hip fracture risk
What BZO are not metabolized by the liver
OTL= Outside The Liver (oxazepam, temazepam, lorazepam) = not metabolized by
the liver
Benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms:
Benzo withdrawal is like ETOH withdrawal
* Insomnia
* Anxiety
* Hand tremors
* Irritability
* Anorexia
* Nausea/vomiting
* Autonomic hyperactivity (diaphoresis, tachycardia, HTN)
* Tonic –clonic seizures = life threatening
Note: Abrupt abstinence after chronic use can be life threatening.
A known limitation of Benzo tx for insomnia
rebound insomnia
Short acting BZO half-life, which BZOs, and indication for use
Short Acting = < 6hrs half life
seizure disorders, Panic attacks
midazolam (Versed) and alprazolam (Xanax)
Intermediate acting BZOs half life, which BZOs, and indication for use
6-20 hours half life
insomnia, anxiety
lorazepam, oxazepam, temazepam
Long acting BZO half life, which BZOs, and indication for use
(> 20 hours half life)
Moderate-Severe anxiety
Good for ETOH withdrawal
diazepam, clonazepam, chlordiazepoxide, flurazepam
How to treat BZO overdose
Give Flumazenil (benzodiazepine antagonist) to reverse effects
MOA of Buspirone (Buspar) = Does it cause dependence?
Partial agonist at 5HT-1A = increases post-synaptic serotonergic activity
Low potential for abuse/addiction
General rule before switching med reported to be ineffective
General Rule:If a patient reports medication is not working, look at the dose, optimize it before switching it.
Benefits of benzodiazepines as compared to antidepressants:
rapid onset of action, effective,
well-tolerated
What anxiolytics to consider for patients with substance use
Patients with comorbid substance use – consider nonaddictive anxiolytic alternatives (e.g. gabapentin and antihistamines with anxiolytic properties (e.g. diphenhydramine or
hydroxyzine)
Medical conditions that may precipitate anxiety:
Heart disease
Hyperthyroidism
COPD/asthma
Drug abuse
ETOH/benzo withdrawal
Chronic pain
IBS
Adrenal tumor
Seizure
Diabetes mellitus
First line for PTSD
SSRI (sertraline or citalopram) or SNRI (venlafaxine)
FDA approved meds: sertraline (Zoloft) and paroxetine (Paxil)
Treatment for PTSD related flashbacks and nightmares?
Alpha-1 receptor antagonist (Prazosin)= targets flashbacks; nightmares and
hypervigilance
BZO use in PTSD patients
Benzodiazepines may interfere with the psychological processes needed to benefit from CBT
Many times PTSD patients also have substance use disorders which benzos should be avoided with
Addictive meds are associated with…
Avoid addictive medications (e.g., Benzodiazepines) = high rate of comorbid substance use disorders and lack of efficacy.
dissociative identity disorder (DID) overview (risk factors, associated symptoms, common comorbidity) and first line tx
- Predominantly develops in victims of significant and chronic childhood trauma
- Patients with DID often cope with PTSD
- More than one distinct personality state resulting from a fragmented sense of self.
- More than 70% attempt suicide often with frequent attempts and self-mutilation.
- 1 st line treatment - Psychotherapy
Are there any drugs specifically indicated for DID?
SSRIs to target comorbid depressive and or PTSD symptoms
Prazosin- for nightmares
Naltrexone- reduce self-injurious behaviors
ECT in DID
NOTE:ECT is NOT contraindicated in people with Dissociative Identify Disorder (DID) –note
that these patients have depressive symptoms and hence ECT can be considered as a viable
option especially in combination with psychotherapy.
Depersonalization disorder (what is it, comorbidities, predisposing factors)
unreality or detachment from one’s body, thoughts, feeling and actions
- Increased incidence of comorbid anxiety disorders and major depression
- Predisposing factors: severe stress and trauma
Derealization disorder (what is it, predisposing factors, comorbidities)
unreality or detachment from one’s surroundings
- Increased incidence of comorbid anxiety disorders and major depression
- Predisposing factors: severe stress and trauma
What foods should be avoided with MAOIs?
Tyramine rich foods: red wine, aged cheese, chicken liver, fava beans, cured meats
Initial/sleep-onset Insomnia=
Difficulty initiating sleep
Middle/sleep maintenance insomnia=
frequent nocturnal awakenings
Late/sleep offset insomnia=
Early morning awakenings
Nonrestorative sleep=
waking up feeling fatigues and unrefreshed.
Why should flurazepam be avoided in the elderly?
ANCC question – long half-life, increased risk for confusion and falls
Treatment for insomnia:
Antidepressants = Trazodone (mostly prescribed sedating antidepressant), Remeron (low doses)
Ambien in elderly patients
o Trazodone is an even safer option for the elderly
Ambien special pt instructions
Ambien – take on an empty stomach
Recommended Ambien dose men/women
Men: 10mg Women: 5mg
ramelteon (Rozerem) MOA
- DOES NOT Act on benzodiazepine receptors
MOA – Melatonin agonist – binds to melatonin receptors in brain inhibiting neuronal firing
triazolam (Halcon)
short acting benzodiazepine for sleep disorders
Antidepressants Used for sedating properties
- TCA: amitriptyline (Elavil)
- TCA: doxepin(Sinequan)
- mirtazapine (Remeron)
- trazodone
Med for OSA
Consider armodafinil (Nuvigil) = indicated for daytime sleepiness associated with OSA