Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.
Both solute and solvent move.
Osmosis
Movement from solvent (water) from high solvent concentration to low solvent concentration.
Only solvent moves.
What makes up the plasma membrane?
Lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol)
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Why do leaves turn colour in autumn?
Trees get less direct sunlight, and the chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down. The lack of chlorophyll reveals yellow and orange pigments that were already in the leaves but masked during the warmer months.
Main pigment in plants that absorbs sunlight?
Chlorophyll.
Structure in plant cell made of cellulose?
Cell Wall.
Structure of DNA
Sugar phosphate backbone (Double swirly part) Base Pairs ( Adenine/Thymine & Cytosine/Guanine)
Phagocytosis
The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) surrounds and destroys foreign substances (such as bacteria) and removes dead cells.
Ribosome
Serves as the site for protein synthesis in the cell.
Cytoskeleton
Helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization.
Helps create movement and division.
In what step of photosynthesis glucose made?
Calvin Cycle (Stage 2)
How many chromosomes human have?
46 Total
How many ATP are made in aerobic cellular respiration?
38 ATP
Molecule of energy in plants
Glucose molecule
NADP
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
Fermentation
Metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes.
Mitochondria
Power house of the cell (uses oxygen as energy).
Why plants (and chlorophyll) look green?
Chlorophyll does not absorb green wavelength in white light.
Lysosome
Break down excess or worn-out cell parts.
Chloroplast
Convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process.
In what step of aerobic cellular respiration energy is extracted from sugar?
Glycolysis.
In what step of aerobic cellular respiration oxygen is used?
The last step of aerobic respiration (Oxidative phosphorylation).
Rough ER
To produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.
Allele
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
Vacuoles
Handle waste products.
In what step of aerobic cellular respiration most of the ATP is built?
The 4th stage (Electron Transport Chain).
What codons code for?
Amino Acid or Protein-Synthesis.
Types of RNA and the function of each:
Messenger RNA (mRNA) : Carries genetic code from DNA in a cell's nucleus to ribosomes. Transfer RNA (tRNA) : Translate genetic information into protein sequence. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) : Reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together.
